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Bacterial Infections Chapter 14

Bacterial Infections Chapter 14 Infections Caused by Gram Positive Organisms. Michael Hohnadel, D.O. 10/7/03 Staphylococcal Infections General 20% of adults are nasal carriers. HIV infected are more frequent carriers.

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Bacterial Infections Chapter 14

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  1. Bacterial InfectionsChapter 14 Infections Caused by Gram Positive Organisms. Michael Hohnadel, D.O. 10/7/03

  2. Staphylococcal Infections • General • 20% of adults are nasal carriers. • HIV infected are more frequent carriers. • Lesions are usually pustules, furuncles or erosions with honey colored crust. • Bullae, erythema, widespread desquamation possible. • Embolic phenomena with endocarditis: • Olser nodes • Janeway Lesions

  3. Embolic Phenomena With Endocarditis Osler nodes Janeway lesion

  4. Superficial Pustular Folliculitis • Also known as Impetigo of Bockhart • Presentation: Superficial folliculitis with thin wall, fragile pustules at follicular orifices. • Develops in crops and heal in a few days. • Favored locations: • Extremities and scalp • Face (esp periorally) • Etiology: S. Aureus.

  5. Sycosis Vulgaris(Sycosis Barbae) • Perifollicular, Chronic , pustular staph infection of the bearded region. • Presentation: Itch/burn followed by small, perifollicular pustules which rupture. New crops of pustules frequently appear esp after shaving. • Slow spread. • Distinguishing feature is upper lip location and persistence. • Tinea is lower. • Herpes short lived • Pseudofolliculitis Barbea ingrown hair and papules.

  6. Sycosis Vulgaris

  7. Sycosis Lupoides • Staph infection that through extension results in central hairless scar surrounded by pustules. Pyogenic folliculitis and perifolliculitis with deep extension into hair follicles often with edema. • Thought to resemble lupus vulgaris in appearance. • Etiology: S. Aureus

  8. Treatment of Folliculitis • Cleansing with soap and water. • Bactroban (Mupirocin) • Burrows solution for acute inflammation. • Antibiotics: cephalosporin, penicillinase resistant PCN.

  9. Furunculosis • Presentation: Perifollicular, round, tender abscess that ends in central suppuration. • Etiology: S. Aureus • Breaks in skin integrity is important. • Various systemic disorders may predispose. • Hospital epidemics of abx resistant staph may occur • Meticulous hand washing is essential.

  10. Furuncle

  11. Furuncle / Carbuncle

  12. Furunculosis • Treatment of acute lesions • ABX may arrest early furuncles. • Incision and drainage AFTER furuncle is localized with definite fluctuation. • No incision of EAC or nasal furuncles. TX with ABX. • Upper lip and nose ,‘danger triangle’, requires prompt treatment with ABX to avoid possible venous sinus thrombosis, septicemia, meningitis.

  13. Treatment of Chronic Furunculosis Avoid auto-inoculation, Eliminate carrier state. • Nares, axilla, groin and perianal sites of colonization. • Use Anti-staph cleansers – soap, chlorhexidine. • Frequent laundering • Bactroban to nares of pt and family members • BID to nares for one week (q 4th week.). • Rifampin 600mg QD for 10 days with cloxacillin 500 mg QID (or Clindamycin 150mg qd for 3 mo)

  14. Pyogenic Paronychia • Presentation: Tender painful swelling involving the skin surrounding the fingernail. • Etiology: Moisture induced separation of eponychium from nail plate by trauma or moisture leading to secondary infection. • Often work related • Bacteria cause acute abscess formation, Candida causes chronic swelling. • Treatment: • Avoid maceration / trauma • I&D of abscess • PCN, 1st Gen Cephalosporin, augmentin. • Chronic infection requires fungicide and a bactericide.

  15. Pyogenic Paronychia

  16. Pyogenic Paronychia

  17. Other predominately Staph Infections. • Botrymycosis • Presentation: Chronic, indolent d/o characterized by nodular, crusted, purulent lesions. • Sinus tracts discharge sulfur granules. Scaring. • Uncommon disorder. Altered immune function. • S. Aureus most common. (Pseudo, E-coli, Proteus, Bacteroides, Strep.) • Pyomyositis • S. aureus abcess in deep, large striated muscle. • Most frequent location is thigh • Occurs in tropics and in children as well as AIDS pts. • Not associated with previous laceration.

  18. Pyomyositis

  19. Impetigo Contagiosa • Presentation: 2mm erythematous papule develops into vesicles and bullae. Upon rupture a straw colored seropurulent discharge dries to form yellow, friable crust. • Etiology: S. Aureus > S. Pyogenes. • Lesions located on exposed parts of body. • Group A Strep can cause AGN • Children <6 yrs old. • 2% to 5% • Serotytpes 49, 55, 57, 60 strain M2 most associated • Good prognosis in children.

  20. Impetigo Contagiosa • Treatment • PCN, 1st Gen. Cephalosporin. • Topical: bacitracin or mupirocin after soaking off crust. • Topical ABX prophylaxis of traumatic injury. • Reduced infection 47 % • Treatment of nares for carriers.

  21. Impetigo Contagiosa

  22. Impetigo Contagiosa

  23. Impetigo Contagiosa

  24. Bullous Impetigo • Presentation: Large, fragile bullae, suggestive of pemphigus. Rupture leaves a circinate, weepy crusted lesion (impetigo circinata). Collarette of scale present. • Affects newborns at the 4-10th days of life. Adults in warm climates

  25. Bullous Impetigo

  26. Bullous Impetigo

  27. Bullous Impetigo

  28. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome. • Presentation: Febrile, rapidly evolving generalized desquamation of the skin seen primarily in neonates and children. • Begins with skin tenderness and erythema of neck groin, axillae with sparing of palm and soles • Blistering occurs just beneath granular layer. • Positive Nikolsky’s sign • Etiology: Exotoxin from S. Aureus infection located at a mucosal surface.. • Differentiate from TENS by location of blister plane high in epidermis. • Treatment as before. Prognosis is good.

  29. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

  30. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

  31. Toxic Shock Syndrome • Acute, febrile, multisystem disease. • One diagnostic criteria is widespread maculopapular eruption. • Causes: • S. Aureus : cervical mucosa historically in early 1980’s. Also: wounds, catheters, nasal packing. Mortality 12 %. • Group A Strep : necrotizing fasciitis. Mortality 30%. • Diagnosis: CDC • Temp >38.9C, erythematous eruption with desquamation of palms and soles 1-2 wks after onset. Hypotension • AND involvement of three of more other systems • GI, muscular, renal, CNS. • AND Test for RMSF, Leptospirosis and rubeola as well as blood urine and CSF should be negative.

  32. Toxic Shock Syndrome • Treatment: • Systemic ABX, • Fluid therapy • Drainage of S. Aureus infected site.

  33. Streptococcal Skin Infections

  34. Ecthyma • Presentation: Vesicle/pustule which enlarges over several days and becomes thickly crusted. When crust is removed a superficial saucer shaped ulcer remains with elevated edges. • Nearly always on shins or dorsal feet. • Heals in a few weeks with scarring. • Agent: Staph or Strep. • Heal with scaring • Gangrene in predisposed individuals. • Treatment: Clean, topical and systemic ABX.

  35. Ecthyma

  36. Scarlet Fever • Presentation: 24 –48 hrs after Strep. Pharyngitis onset. • Cutaneous: • Widespread erythema with 1-2 mm papules. Begins on neck and spreads to trunk then extremities. • Pastia’s lines – accentuation over skin folds with petechia. • Circumoral pallor • Desquamation of palms and soles at appox two wks. • May be only evidence of disease. • Other: strawberry tongue • Causes: erythrogenic exotoxin of group A Strep. • Culture to recover organism or use streptolysin O titer if testing is late. • TX: PCN, E-mycin, Cloxacillin.

  37. Scarlet Fever

  38. Scarlet Fever

  39. Scarlet Fever

  40. Scarlet Fever

  41. Erysipelas • Presentation: erythematous patch with a distinctive raised, indurated advancing border. Affected skin is very painful and is warm to touch. Freq. associated with fever , HA and leukocytosis >20,000. • Face and Legs are most common sites. • Involves superficial dermal lymphatics • Cause: Group A strep., (Group B in newborns) • Differential: • Contact derm: more itching little pain. • Scarlet fever: widespread punctate erythema • Malar rash of Lupus and Acute tuberculoid Leprosy: Absence of fever pain and leukocytosis. • Treatment: Systemic PCN for 10 days.

  42. Erysipelas

  43. Erysipelas

  44. Erysipelas

  45. Cellulitis • Presentation: Local erythema and tenderness which intensifies and spreads. Often associated with a discernable wound. Lymphangitis, fever and streaking may accompany the infection. • Group A strep and S. Aureus are usually causative. • Gangrene and sepsis possible particularly in compromised pt. • Treatment: PCNase – resistant PCN, 1st Gen Ceph.

  46. Cellulitis

  47. Cellulitis

  48. Necrotizing Fasciitis • Presentation: Following surgery or trauma (24 to 48 hours) - erythema, pain and edema which quickly progress to central patches of dusky blue discoloration. Anesthesia of the involved skin is very characteristic. By day 4-5 the involved area becomes gangrenous. • Infection of the fascia. • Many causative agents. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures should be taken. • Treatment: Early debridement. ABX. • 20% mortality in best cases • Poor prognostic factors: Age >50, DM, Atherosclerosis, involvement of trunk, delay of surgery >7 days.

  49. More Staph and Strep Infections • Blistering Distal dactylitis • Superficial blisters on volar fat pads • Typical pt is 2-16 yrs old • Perianal Dermatitis • Superficial, perianal, well demarcated rim of erythema which is often confused with a dermatitis. • Typical pt is 1-8 yrs old. • Group B infection • Consider in any neonates. Also seen in adults with DM and peripheral vascular disease. • Staph Iniae • 1997 first reported • Cellulitis of hands assoc with preparation of tilapia fish.

  50. Perianal Dermatitis

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