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National Underground Science Laboratory at Homestake

National Underground Science Laboratory at Homestake. > The General Process > The Envisioned Homestake Laboratory > The Prospects. CENPA. J. F. Wilkerson, University of Washington Dark Matter 2002, February 22, 2002. Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics.

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National Underground Science Laboratory at Homestake

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  1. National Underground Science Laboratoryat Homestake > The General Process > The Envisioned Homestake Laboratory > The Prospects CENPA J. F. Wilkerson, University of Washington Dark Matter 2002, February 22, 2002 Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics

  2. Making the case for a US Underground Laboratory • Fall 2000 • Abundance of exciting underground science. • Realization that most existing labs are not deep enough for many of the proposed next generation experiments. • Recognition that many underground labs fully subscribed • Existence of special opportunities within the US • Carlsbad/WIPP site (excellent infrastructure) • Homestake Gold Mine availability • San Jacinto (proposed in early 80’s revisited) • Initiation of the US Nuclear Physics Community Long Range Planning Process J. F. Wilkerson

  3. The US Nuclear Physics LRP Process Every 5-6 years the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) and the APS Division of Nuclear Physics develop a new Long Range Plan for the field. • Fall 2000 - “preTown” meetings (Community) • Fall 2000 - Winter 2001 - Town Meetings (Community, NSAC, DNP) • March 2001 - Santa Fe meeting (NSAC, DNP) J. F. Wilkerson

  4. Results of the Nuclear Physics LRP Process • n preTown Meeting, Sept. 21-23, 2000, Seattle • Discussions of Potential Underground Laboratories • Carlsbad/WIPP site (Haines/Nelson) • Homestake Gold Mine (Lande) • San Jacinto (Kropp/Sobel) • Discussions of next generation science opportunities in bb-decay, solar/SN neutrinos, neutrino oscillation experiments. • Top recommendation: “...To satisfy the background requirements of new solar/supernova n and b-b decay experiments, thenuclear physics community should spearhead an effort to create a deep underground multipurpose laboratory.…” • Recommended formation of a committee with broad representation to evaluate science and potential deep sites. J. F. Wilkerson

  5. Committee on a US Underground Laboratory John Bahcall Solar n Theory (Chair) Barry Barish Gravitation, Macro Expt Janet Conrad Accelerator n Expt Tom Gaisser Atmospheric n Theory Wick Haxton n, bb, Nuclear Astrophysics Theory Kevin Lesko* Solar & Reactor n Expt (Co-Chair) Bernard Sadoulet Dark Matter Expt Hank Sobel Atmospheric n, p decay Michael Wiescher Nuclear Astrophysics Stan Wojcicki Accelerator n Expt John Wilkerson b decay, bb, Solar n Expt Technical Subcommittee Frank Calaprice* Solar n Peter J. Doe* Solar n, Supernova Detection Marvin Marshak* (Chair) Accelerator n Expt Kem Robinson* Accelerator Design, Facilities, Management Consultants Lee Peterson* CNA Consulting Eng. Joe Wang* LBNL Earth Science J. F. Wilkerson

  6. Science Underground John Bahcall, Barry Barish, Frank Calaprice, Janet Conrad,Peter J. Doe, Thomas Gaisser, Wick Haxton, Kevin T. Lesko, Marvin Marshak, Kem Robinson, Bernard Sadoulet, Henry Sobel, Michael Wiescher, Stan Wojcicki, & John Wilkerson VII. Supernova ns VIII. Nuclear Astrophysics IX. Geoscience X. Materials Dev. And Technology XI. Monitoring Nuclear Tests XII. Microbiology I. Solar Neutrinos II. Double b Decay III. Dark Matter IV. Nucleon Decay V. Atmospheric ns VI. Long Baseline n Oscillation Expts. See: Underground Lab at http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb J. F. Wilkerson

  7. Committee on an Underground Scientific Laboratory Recommendations • The Committee unanimously recommends the establishment of a deep premier national underground scientific laboratory to enable US leadership and synergism in a broad array of scientific fields in the coming decades. • The Committee endorses a single primary site as the most effective method of realizing the anticipated scientific program. • The Committee believes that there are two excellent sites for a premier deep underground science laboratory: Homestake and San Jacinto. … we judged that Homestake and San Jacinto are very similar in their technical suitability for underground experiments. Although the committee is not charged with making a formal site selection, time is of the essence, and the agencies need to be aware of the time-sensitive nature of the site selection.  We strongly encourage interagency cooperation to help realize this exciting opportunity for science. J. F. Wilkerson

  8. Results of the Nuclear Physics LRP Process • n preTown Meeting, Sept. 21-23, 2000, Seattle • Top recommendation: “...To satisfy the background requirements of new solar/supernova n and b-b decay experiments, thenuclear physics community should spearhead an effort to create a deep underground multipurpose laboratory. …” • Recommended formation of a committee with broad representation to evaluate science and potential deep sites. • DNP Town Meeting,“ns, Symmetries, & Astrophysics”, Nov. 2000, Oakland • UG Lab was the top recommendation of this larger group • NSAC LRP “Resolution” meeting, March 2001,Santa Fe. • Critical evaluation by cross-section of community • NUSL competed with 8 other “mid-size” projects. J. F. Wilkerson

  9. Nuclear Science Advisory CommitteeLong Range Plan, March 2001 Recommendation #3 We strongly recommend immediate construction of the world's deepest underground science laboratory. This laboratory will provide a compelling opportunity for nuclear scientists to explore fundamental questions in neutrino physics and astrophysics. Recent evidence for neutrino mass has led to new insights into the fundamental nature of matter and energy. Future discoveries about the properties of neutrinos will have significant implications for our understanding of the structure of the universe. An outstanding new opportunity to create the world's deepest underground laboratory has emerged. This facility will position the U.S. nuclear science community to lead the next generation of solar neutrino and double beta-decay experiments. J. F. Wilkerson

  10. Why go deep? Many next generation experiments must be deep to achieve their ultimate sensitivity • SNO wouldn’t have worked at Gran Sasso or Kamioka because of cosmogenic bkgs. SNO concern relevant to DM --worry about potential neutron backgrounds with no accompanying muon signal • n’s from Atm. n NC reaction • n’s from m induced photonuclear production in rock • n’s from m DIS in rock J. F. Wilkerson

  11. NUSL Laboratory Objectives Provide a laboratory and environment that fosters and supports forefront research in underground science and engineering. • Realization: • The world’sdeepestunderground laboratory. • A dedicatedfacilityfor science and outreach. • Easy access (both real and virtual ) to researchers • 24/7/365access and operational reliability • Expertise in all aspects of underground activities • Excavation • Ultra low background environments • Operations J. F. Wilkerson

  12. J. F. Wilkerson

  13. NUSL at Homestake • April -May 2001 - Consortium of interested scientists and South Dakota advocates (SD University System Regents) formed. • Proposal submitted to NSF June 5, 2001 W. Haxton, Univ. of Washington (PI),J. Conrad, Columbia Univ., S. Farwell, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, M. Marshak, Univ. of Minnesota, J. Wilkerson, Univ.. of Washington • Request five years of funding, starting FY2003 • Capital construction: $189. M • Operations/Maintenance: $62.9 M • Interim proposal ( funding from Oct. 2001 - Sept. 2002) submitted to NSF June 26, 2001. J. F. Wilkerson

  14. NUSL Overview (cross-section) Yates Shaft and Complex Science Operations Ross Shaft and Complex Mining and Operations Oro Hondo Exhaust Ellison Exhaust No.5 Shaft Air Intake No. 3 Shaft No. 4 Shaft No. 6 Shaft Service Shaft 4850’ 4850’ 6200’ No. 7 Shaft 6800’ Proposed YatesShaft Ext. 7400’ 8000’ 7400’Laboratory Area J. F. Wilkerson

  15. NUSL Homestake Features • The existing mine, its extensive infrastructure, and the unparalleled expertise provided by the workforce of Homestake will allow NUSL to immediately initiate an underground science program. • The existence of multiple access shafts allows one to simultaneously pursue an operational science program and a laboratory construction program. • This same redundancy provides critical capabilities which will allow 24/7 operation and reliable access during routine or scheduled maintenance procedures. • Existing drifts at multiple depths - shallow to deep. • Capability to provide custom excavations and cavities, even once laboratory is operational. J. F. Wilkerson

  16. HOMESTAKE MINE Mine Infrastructure • Electrical System • Two Surface Shafts • Two Winzes on the 4850 • Fiber Optic Communication to Underground • Pumping System • Compressed Air System • Ventilation System • Bell Phone System • Water System • Sand Backfill System • Hoisting Systems • Monitoring / Control System J. F. Wilkerson

  17. Yates Cage Hoist Nordberg Mfg. Co Two 1,250 hp DC Motors Normal Cage Load = 12,000 lb. Max Cage Load = 13,400 lb J. F. Wilkerson

  18. HOMESTAKE MINE VENTILATION SYSTEM J. F. Wilkerson

  19. HOMESTAKE MINE PUMPING SYSTEM J. F. Wilkerson

  20. Developing NUSL Homestake The initial proposal was only conceptual in nature, the detailed design and engineering studies are starting now. • Interim period (~2002-2003) • Develop complete baseline plan (Technical design, management, budget) • Offer immediate space to support of small experiments or R&D efforts at both 4850’ or 7400’ levels • Initiate coring program to characterize rock at 7400’ level • Start sealing off unused drifts • Outreach starts • Initial construction phase (~2003-2004 ) • Fully establish NUSL laboratory • Continue science operations • Excavate and construct ultra low background laboratory • Construct laboratories for major experiments J. F. Wilkerson

  21. Ultra Low Background Counting Facility A lab operated by NUSL for the benefit of underground science and open to researchers from around the world. • Requirements (from the proposal) • Able to count small to modest size samples (~100-300 pg/g) • A large “whole-body” counting facility capable of handling large, meter-sized materials (~5 pg/g in 1-2 days of counting) • Envisioned Facility (from the proposal) • Depth: 7400’ Size: 4 m by 4 m by 16 m • Radon filtering Clean room conditions • Encased in a special low-activity water shield (4 m) to minimize external sources of radioactive backgrounds. • If deemed necessary after a more detailed study, the water shield will be outfitted as an active PMT-based cosmic ray veto capability. • Six conventional low-background Germanium counting systems • A scintillator based “whole-body” detector J. F. Wilkerson

  22. Pursuing NUSL at Homestake • October 2001 - Positive NSF Panel reviews • Exciting physics warrants creation of NUSL • Potential to be the premier international center • Education and outreach should play major role • No obvious physical obstacles • Fall 2001 - Collaborative efforts with Homestake to facilitate potential transfer of mine. • Initiate formation of Interim NUSL Collaboration • http://int.phys.washington.edu/NUSL/ • International participation desired • Multiple agency support desired J. F. Wilkerson

  23. NUSL at Homestake Prospects • A complex process involving Scientists - NSF - Barrick - State of SD - Congress • November 2001- Interim funding bill passes • $10 Million to state of SD to keep mine in a condition to be transferred (pumping and support of personnel) • December 2001- Homestake Mining Corporation merges with Barrick. • December 2001 - Indemnity bill passes • Barrick has serious problems with final House version • Present - Negotiations with Barrick on transfer of mine to the state continue. • April APS Meeting - NUSL Town Meeting J. F. Wilkerson

  24. HOMESTAKE MINE 1876 - 2001National Underground Science Laboratory: 2002- J. F. Wilkerson

  25. Supplemental Slides (not shown) J. F. Wilkerson

  26. Committee on an Underground Scientific Laboratory Recommendations (continued) At the time of this meeting the Committee favors the Homestake site for the following reasons: • faster time scale to produce important scientific results, • less initial capital outlay to produce world-class science, • Intrinsic value of shafts, HVAC, sensors, safety systems • greater positive impact on the local population, • EPSCoR state, as are surrounding states • lower inherent uncertainties. • Good, well characterized rock stability • Fully permitted • Caveat: Homestake – needs to solve indemnification J. F. Wilkerson

  27. NUSL Homestake Budget Summary J. F. Wilkerson

  28. Indemnification • The transfer of property from a mining company to another entity is rare: Homestake prefers to retain and monitor its property indefinitely. The reason is connected with Superfund law. Under this law a company which vacates property, even with the best guarantees of science that the property is fully restored, remains liable if some hazard is uncovered in the future. • Homestake is responsible for reclamation of the mine and has already carried out substantial remediation efforts. • The legislation places stringent conditions on reclamation and transfer. • All of the 140 acres proposed for transfer will be inspected by independent experts appointed by the EPA. • If any unsatisfactory condition is found, EPA can either specify what additional reclamation is needed, or it can decide that transfer is inappropriate. • If there is no NUSL, Homestake would be free to flood the mine, with essentially no inspection. J. F. Wilkerson

  29. WWTP Mill Complex East Sub Yates Complex Shops Highway 85 Kirk Fans Ross Complex Oro Hondo Fan Ross Sub Oro Hondo Sub Homestake Aerial View Open Cut J. F. Wilkerson

  30. HOMESTAKE MINE GENERALIZED X-SECTION Ross Shaft Yates Shaft Ef Pf 4850 #6 Winze Yf ??? 7400 Looking North 8000 J. F. Wilkerson

  31. HOMESTAKE MINE 4850 Neutrino Lab Yates Shaft Ef Pf Yf #4 Winze Ross Shaft #6 Winze Shop Area J. F. Wilkerson

  32. HOMESTAKE MINE 4850SHOPS 60’ x 20’ x 9’ 50’ x 25’ x 9’ #6 Winze Ross Shaft 70’ x 50’ x 9’ 50’ x 30’ x 9’ J. F. Wilkerson

  33. HOMESTAKE MINE 7400SHOP 29 ft 140 ft 17 ft high J. F. Wilkerson

  34. HOMESTAKE MINE 6950VENT Spray Chambers 15’ x 15’ 200 ft Control & Elect. Room Machine Room 40 ft ~23 ft high 163 ft J. F. Wilkerson

  35. HOMESTAKE MINE 7400 Yates Shaft Projected Yf Ef Pf 6,300 ft 3,000 ft #4 Winze #6 Winze 7400 Shop J. F. Wilkerson

  36. HOMESTAKE MINE Proterozoic Stratigraphy Grizzly Fm - Metagraywacke, sericite-biotite schist Flag Rock Fm - Biotite-sericite schist, graphitic phyllite Northwestern Fm - Biotite-qtz-sericite-garnet schist Ellison Fm - Quarzites, Sericite-biotite schist and phyllite Homestake Fm - Grunerite/Siderite schist, chert Poorman Fm - Well-banded sericite-biotite carbonate phyllite Yates Unit - Hornblende-plagioclase schist J. F. Wilkerson

  37. HOMESTAKE MINE Rock Properties • In Situ Stress Estimation (NIOSH) • v = 1.25 h (vertical psi) • h1 = 2078 + 0.53 h (dip direction psi) • h2 = 121 + 0.55 h (strike direction psi) J. F. Wilkerson

  38. HOMESTAKE MINE Rock Properties • Laboratory Rock Properties (psi) • Property Homestake Poorman Ellison Yates • C1 20,150 13,630 11,340 N/A • C2 11,550 10,000 11,410 N/A • C3 13,270 12,270 8,150 N/A • T1 1,380 2,990 2,350 N/A • T2 1,140 820 590 N/A • T3 1,920 1,910 1,650 N/A • 1 & 3 directions are parallel to the schistosity J. F. Wilkerson • 2 direction is perpendicular to the schistosity

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