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Personality Unit 10. Come up with one word to describe your personality. Have you always been that way? Is our personality one-dimensional?. How are our personalities formed?. 4 Personality Theories. 1. Psychodynamic 2. Humanistic 3. Trait Perspective 4. Social-Cognitive.
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Come up with one word to describe your personality • Have you always been that way? • Is our personality one-dimensional?
4 Personality Theories • 1. Psychodynamic • 2. Humanistic • 3. Trait Perspective • 4. Social-Cognitive
Psychodynamic Perspective • Developed the first comprehensive theory of personality based on: • unconscious mind • psychosexual stages • defense mechanisms. • Psychoanalysis – attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Exploring the Unconscious • Free association • Asked patients to say whatever came to their minds in order to tap the unconscious. • Dream analysis • Manifest and LatentContent
Model of Mind • How is your mind like an iceberg? • It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind.
Personality Structure • Our personality is a result of a conflict • Between aggressive and pleasure seeking drives and? • Social restraints • Have you heard of the id, ego, and superego?
Id, Ego and Superego • The Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives • Pleasure principle • The ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego. • The superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
Oedipus Complex • A boy’s sexual desires toward his mother • Feelings of jealousy and hatred towards father • Electra complex
If things don’t go our way for our id or superego….are we frustrated? • How do we deal with this frustration? • Defense mechanisms • Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Defense Mechanisms 1. Repressionbanishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. 2. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage.
3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. -”I love him” becomes “I hate him” • Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. -Blaming failure b/c of someone else
5. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. • Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7kS68T6ptA
7. Sublimation - transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
Answer the following questions: • What has led up to the event shown? 2. What is happening at the moment? 3. What are the characters feeling and thinking? 4. What the outcome of the story?
Answer the following questions: • What has led up to the event shown? 2. What is happening at the moment? 3. What are the characters feeling and thinking? 4. What the outcome of the story?
Answer the following questions: • What has led up to the event shown? 2. What is happening at the moment? 3. What are the characters feeling and thinking? 4. What the outcome of the story?
What was the purpose of that? • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up • Complete version of the test contains 31 picture cards. • Some show males, females, both, adults, children, and no human figures at all.
Criticisms • Psychologists might interpret responses differently • Is it still used today? • Despite criticisms, the TAT remains widely used • Tool for research on dreams, fantasies, mate selection and what motivates people to choose their occupation. • Sometimes it is used in a psychiatric context to assess: • Personality disorders • Thought disorders • Evaluate crime suspects
Rorschach Inkblot Test • The most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach. • It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.
Projective Tests • Reliable? • Valid?
So is Freud right? • Are we controlled by our unconscious? • Some ways we are • False consensus effect • We overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors. • “Everybody thinks that way”
“Neo-Freudians” • Psychologists that came afterwards • Believed some of Freud’s ideas but rejected others Carl Jung (1875-1961) Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Carl Jung • Agreed with unconscious • Added a collective unconscious • A reservoir from our species’ past • Inherited experiences impact us Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Alfred Adler • Agreed with the childhood importance • Emphasized importance of social not sexual tensions • Conquer the inferiority of childhood • Our life is about striving for power National Library of Medicine Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Karen Horney • Agreed that childhood is important • Childhood anxiety causes our desire for love and security • Countered Freud’s idea that women have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy.” The Bettmann Archive/ Corbis Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Big Bang Theory Clip • Start at 2:38
Humanistic Perspective • By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with: • Freud’s negativity • Skinner’s Behaviorism • Humanistic – emphasizes human potential Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
What have we learned about the humanistic perspective? • Abraham Maslow • Hierarchy of needs • Self-actualization
Self-aware and self-accepting • Open and spontaneous • Loving and caring • Not paralyzed by others’ opinions • Interests were problem-centered not self-centered
Growth and Fulfillment • Carl Rogers – believes that humans can grow • Genuine, accepting and empathetic • Unconditional Positive Regard- an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. "Just remember, son, it doesn't matter whether you win or lose - unless you want Daddy's love."
Quick activity • On a piece of paper… • How do you see yourself? • Write for about 2 minutes • On average I am proud of my accomplishments. I work hard as a student and do homework every night….. • In my relationships I…
Now… • Who would you like to be? • In regards to: • Academics • Social world • Family life • Extracurricular
Assessing the Self • Self-concept – all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?” • Real self vs. ideal self • If they are close, you have a positive self-concept
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective Good Bad Concepts in humanistic psychology are vague and subjective and lack scientific basis. • Had a huge impact on counseling, education, child-rearing, and management.
