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Normalisieren von Microarraydaten

Motivation. F?r das ideale Experiment br?uchte man keine NormalisierungIn realen Experimenten gibt es dagegen immer eine gewisse Menge an technischer Variation.. Technische Variation. Die Me?werte bei einer Hybridisierung variieren jedes Mal ein wenig f?r dasselbe Gen. Das liegt daran, da? die Zell

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Normalisieren von Microarraydaten

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    1. Normalisieren von Microarraydaten Michael Nuhn

    2. Motivation Für das ideale Experiment bräuchte man keine Normalisierung In realen Experimenten gibt es dagegen immer eine gewisse Menge an technischer Variation.

    3. Technische Variation Die Meßwerte bei einer Hybridisierung variieren jedes Mal ein wenig für dasselbe Gen. Das liegt daran, daß die Zellen die Gene nicht immer gleich exprimieren aber auch am Experiment selbst: Die Farbstoffe fluoreszieren unterschiedlich stark. Die Farbstoffe werden unterschiedlich gut in die DNA eingebaut. Einzelne Pins spotten die Oligos etwas anders auf den Slide Intensität kann vom Ort auf dem Slide abhängen, wenn die Oberfläche des Slides nicht gleichmäßig beschichtet ist. S. 62 Scanning properties Scanning parameters Labeling efficiency Print-Tip Spatial effectsS. 62 Scanning properties Scanning parameters Labeling efficiency Print-Tip Spatial effects

    4. Technische Variation Diese Störfaktoren sollen auf die statistische Analyse möglichst keinen Einfluß nehmen. Verfahren, um diese Störfaktoren zu schätzen und herauszurechnen, werden Verfahren zur Normalisierung genannt. Der biologische Anteil am Signal soll dabei möglichst erhalten bleiben. Die Meßwerte der einzelnen Farbkanäle werden daher normalisiert, bevor sie miteinander verglichen werden. Ein häufig eingesetztes Verfahren ist die Loess Normalisierung. Folgende Annahme wird dabei gemacht: Für die meisten Paare von Genen g1 aus Organismus 1 und g2 aus Organismus 2, bei dem g1und g2 ortholog sind, gilt, daß g1 und g2 gleich stark exprimiert werden. S. 62 http://discover.nci.nih.gov/microarrayAnalysis/Affymetrix.Preprocessing.jsp Why Normalize? Biologists have long experience coping with systematic variation between experimental conditions (technical variation) that is unrelated to the biological differences they seek. Normalization is the attempt to compensate for systematic technical differences between chips, to see more clearly the systematic biological differences between samples. Differences in treatment of two samples, especially in labelling and in hybridization, bias the relative measures on any two chips. The performance of expression arrays can vary in more ways than measures such as rt-PCR. Normalization methods that have worked well for these types of measures do not perform as well for microarray data. Affymetrix introduced a new approach for their 133 series chips, using a set of 100 'housekeeping genes': the chips are re-scaled so the average values of these housekeeping genes are equal across all chips. This is much better than using a single housekeeping gene, and probably adequate for about 80% of chips in practice. Most approaches to normalizing expression levels assume that the overall distribution of RNA numbers doesn't change much between samples, and that most individual genes change very little across the conditions. This seems reasonable for most laboratory treatments, although treatments affecting transcription apparatus have large systemic effects, and malignant tumours often have dramatically different expression profiles. If most genes are unchanged, then the mean transcript levels should be the same for each condition. An even stronger version of this idea is that the distributions of gene abundances must be similar. Statisticians use the term 'bias' to describe systematic errors, which affect a large number of genes. eep in mind that normalization, like any form of data 'fiddling' adds noise (random error) to the expression measures. You never really identify the true source or nature of a systemic bias; rather you identify some feature, which correlates with the systematic error. When you 'correct' for that feature, you are adding some error to those samples where the feature you have observed doesn't correspond well with the true underlying source of bias. Statisticians try to balance bias and noise, and their rule of thumb is that it's better to under-correct for systemic biases than to compensate fully. S. 62 http://discover.nci.nih.gov/microarrayAnalysis/Affymetrix.Preprocessing.jsp Why Normalize? Biologists have long experience coping with systematic variation between experimental conditions (technical variation) that is unrelated to the biological differences they seek. Normalization is the attempt to compensate for systematic technical differences between chips, to see more clearly the systematic biological differences between samples. Differences in treatment of two samples, especially in labelling and in hybridization, bias the relative measures on any two chips. The performance of expression arrays can vary in more ways than measures such as rt-PCR. Normalization methods that have worked well for these types of measures do not perform as well for microarray data. Affymetrix introduced a new approach for their 133 series chips, using a set of 100 'housekeeping genes': the chips are re-scaled so the average values of these housekeeping genes are equal across all chips. This is much better than using a single housekeeping gene, and probably adequate for about 80% of chips in practice. Most approaches to normalizing expression levels assume that the overall distribution of RNA numbers doesn't change much between samples, and that most individual genes change very little across the conditions. This seems reasonable for most laboratory treatments, although treatments affecting transcription apparatus have large systemic effects, and malignant tumours often have dramatically different expression profiles. If most genes are unchanged, then the mean transcript levels should be the same for each condition. An even stronger version of this idea is that the distributions of gene abundances must be similar. Statisticians use the term 'bias' to describe systematic errors, which affect a large number of genes. eep in mind that normalization, like any form of data 'fiddling' adds noise (random error) to the expression measures. You never really identify the true source or nature of a systemic bias; rather you identify some feature, which correlates with the systematic error. When you 'correct' for that feature, you are adding some error to those samples where the feature you have observed doesn't correspond well with the true underlying source of bias. Statisticians try to balance bias and noise, and their rule of thumb is that it's better to under-correct for systemic biases than to compensate fully.

    5. Loess Normalisierung Ein Scatterplot der Intensitäten ergibt folgendes Bild:

    6. Loess Normalisierung Die Punktwolke sollte so aussehen. Nach der Transformation gibt es nur noch eine Gesamtintensität. Vorher gibt es zwei Intensitäten:Nach der Transformation gibt es nur noch eine Gesamtintensität. Vorher gibt es zwei Intensitäten:

    7. Normalisierung – Global Loess Zur Normalisierung kann man eine Regressionsgerade durch die Punktwolke legen:

    8. Normalisierung – Global Loess Von jedem Punkt wird der Wert der Regressionskurve subtrahiert.

    9. Normalisierung – Print Tip Loess Für jeden Pin wird eine eigene Regressionskurve erzeugt. Ansonsten ist das Verfahren dasselbe wie Global Loess.

    10. Normalisierung innerhalb eines Arrays Dichte nach Normalisierung mit print tip loess A simpler method of describing spatial patterns is to focus attention on the print tip groups. There may be slight physical differences between the print tips, perhaps differences in length or in the size of the opening or deformations after many hours of printing. Even in the absence of differences between the pins, the print tip groups can be used as a surrogate for more general spatial variation across the array.A simpler method of describing spatial patterns is to focus attention on the print tip groups. There may be slight physical differences between the print tips, perhaps differences in length or in the size of the opening or deformations after many hours of printing. Even in the absence of differences between the pins, the print tip groups can be used as a surrogate for more general spatial variation across the array.

    11. Normalisierung mehrerer Arrays Bei Verwendung mehrerer Slides müssen diese untereinander normalisiert werden wegen: Unterschieden in der Präparation Unterschiedliches Ausmaß an Degradierung der mRNA Spots unterscheiden sich von Slide zu Slide, Anteil der fixierten cDNA Beim erneuten Labelling kann unterschiedlich viel Farbstoff verwendet worden sein. Hybridisierungsparameter Temperatur Zeiten Menge an Molekülen zum Hybridisieren Ein häufig eingesetztes Verfahren zu Normalisierung ist die Quantilsnormalisierung. Bolstad et al. (2003) The between-array step addresses the comparability of the distributions of log intensities between arrays. Log(2*x) = log(2) + log(x) The between-array step addresses the comparability of the distributions of log intensities between arrays. Log(2*x) = log(2) + log(x)

    12. Quantilsnormalisierung Quantilsnormaliserung geht von der Annahme aus, daß die Verteilung der Genexpression bei allen Wiederholungen ungefähr dieselbe ist Ziel der Quantilsnormaliserung ist es, daß die Meßwerte ebenfalls auf allen Slides dieselbe Verteilung haben.

    13. Quantilsnormalisierung Die Intensitätswerte der einzelnen Slides werden in einen Vektor geschrieben und aufsteigend sortiert. Es wird ein neuer Vektor angelegt. In diesem wird für jede Zeile der Mittelwert notiert.

    14. Quantilsnormalisierung Zu jedem Wert x ist der normalisierte Wert x‘ der Wert, der in demselben Quantil in dem Vektor aus Mittelwerten liegt.

    15. Quantilsnormalisierung Überträgt dieselbe empirische Verteilung der Intensitäten auf mehrere Arrays S. 21S. 21

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