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Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Using GEM Data for Academic Papers

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Using GEM Data for Academic Papers. Niels Bosma Global Entrepreneurship Research Association Utrecht University, Vlerick Business School GEM Annual Meeting 2013 Kuala Lumpur 16-18 January 2013. Levels of Analysis. Micro: Individual / Firm

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Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Using GEM Data for Academic Papers

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  1. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor:Using GEM Data for Academic Papers Niels Bosma Global Entrepreneurship Research Association Utrecht University, Vlerick Business School GEM Annual Meeting 2013 Kuala Lumpur 16-18 January 2013

  2. Levels of Analysis • Micro: Individual / Firm • Macro: National or Regional • Combination • Just to have more data • To find macro level determinants for (types/phase of) entrepreneurship, for example from • GEM National Expert Survey data • World Bank data • etc

  3. Before Analyzing • What is your research question? • Why is this relevant? • Why would GEM data be most relevant? • What methodology is required, given • Research question • Data availability • Check out other GEM-based papers with similar/comparable issues!!!

  4. Micro level analysis: associations • Cross Tabs • Chi squared • For example: are males more likely to be involved in TEA (mostly: yes) • Is the difference just as strong if you focus on employees (mostly: no) • Non-parametric Tests • Assumes no particular distribution of variables and tests can be done to see if the rank-orders are linked • Mann Whitney • Kolmogorov-Smirnov • May be good alternative if you have few observations, e.g. when you deal with the entrepreneurs only

  5. Micro level analysis: regression • What determines the probability for an individual to be involved in .... • Usually a binary variable: [outcome=1, otherwise 0] • Establish the relevant sample: all adults, employees, entrepreneurs... • Typically: logit regression • Different treatment of categorical (nominal) and scale variables • If the outcomes are rare: rare events logit (may need to use Stata or R for that) • More cateories: multinomial logit • For example: different stages of entrepreneurial activity; if you are interested in explaining nascent entrepreneurship you may also have to account for those in other phases of entrepreneurship • Different ‘level’ of entrepreneurial attitudes based on multiple items • Requires one ‘base’ category (ideally: the non-entrepreneurial population)

  6. Macro level analysis: Descriptive • This is the usual GEM Report style analysis • Use of weights • Confidence intervals • Different visualisations possible • Compare countries in one year • Assess measures over time • Picture profiles

  7. Macro level analysis: Regressions • First GEM-based articles got away with OLS regressions based on 30-40 observations • This will probably not be accepted anymore, unless you have an interesting theoretical contribution • Try to include more years to get more observations, or... • Combine with individual level data

  8. Multilelevel research: combination of micro and macro level

  9. Example: Explain occurrence of involvement in growth oriented entrepreneurial activity Individual level Traits approach Resource based view Context level Regional demography Regional economic attributes Institutional component Informal institutions Formal institutions Bosma, Schutjens & Stam (2013), in progress: A Multilevel Analysis of Growth-Oriented Entrepreneurship

  10. Multilevel Model • Employment protection (-) Micro-macro type 2: Cross-level interactions • High educated individuals in urban regions (-/+) • Wealthy individuals in countries with high employment protection (-) Bosma, Schutjens & Stam (2013), in progress: A Multilevel Analysis of Growth-Oriented Entrepreneurship

  11. Methodology: Multilevel Regressions Models random intercept for regional and national level; ordinary logit would overestimate (‘blow up’) estimates & significance of regional and national variables Dependent: probability of being involved in growth oriented nascent/new firm entrepreneurship Independent variables at different levels: typically individual, regional and national; cross level interactions e.g. Education & population density High income and employment protection

  12. Domains for promising research avenues using GEM data: micro-macro perspectives on entrepreneurship and economic development Measuring types of Entrepreneurship GEM Involvement in Entrepreneurship • Individual Characteristics • Traits • Resources Multilevel Analysis Panel Data Techniques Role Models • Context (national, regional): • Institutions (formal / informal) • Demography • Geography • Economic conditions Economic Development

  13. New Publication: Overview of GEM-based Articles • GEM Methodology (see also Reynolds et al. 2005) • Overview of GEM-based papers, published/accepted in SSCI-listed journals between 2004-2011. • 87 (!) articles, info on topic, literature used, methods, outcomes • Relevant as starting point / reference

  14. Questions?nbosma@gemconsortium.org Niels Bosma Global Entrepreneurship Research Association Utrecht University, Vlerick Business School GEM Annual Meeting 2013 Kuala Lumpur 16-18 January 2013

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