Week 5 Lecture 4

1. Week 5Lecture 4 Principles of language assessment: validity, reliability, practicality ,authenticity ,and beneficial backwash Brown, p. 19-41

2. Lecture’s objectives • Understand the principles of language assessment. • Use language assessment principles to evaluate existing tests. • Use language assessment principles to design a good test (next week)

3. How do you know if the test is effective? To answer this question, you need to identify five criteria for “testing a test” • Practicality • Reliability, • validity, • authenticity, • and washback

4. To understand these principles let’s read the story on page 20.

5. 1-Practicality • When do you say that this test is practical? When • It is not expensive • The time is appropriate • It is easy to administer • The scoring and evaluation procedures are clear and efficient.

6. Applying the practicality principle • Read page 31

7. 2- Reliability • “a reliable test is consistent and dependable: this means that if you give the test to the same students but in two different occasions, the test should yield=give the same results. • There are five factors that might contribute to the unreliability of a test : • Students related reliability • Rater reliability • Test administration reliability • Test reliability

8. Students-related reliability is related to factors that might contribute to the students themselves such as illness, fatigue, anxiety or any other physical and psychological factors which might make the observed score unreflective to the actual students performance. • Rater reliability is related to human subjectivity, biased and error. • inter-rater reliability is when two or more scorers yield inconsistent scores of the same test. Due to lack of attention, inexperience, or even biases. • Intra-rater reliability is common in the classroom teachers because of unclear criteria or biases toward particular bad or good students. (how to solve this problem? Read P,21)

9. Test administration reliability is related to the condition in which that test is administered. Test reliability is related to the test itself. • Is it too long?, • the time limit, • poorly written test • is there more than one answer to the question?, • is the wording of the test clear?

10. Applying the reliability principle • Example : Read page 31-32

11. 3- Validity(Relevance to the curriculum) Test validity is the most important principle among the other four. Test validity refers to “ the extent to which inferences made from he assessment rests are appropriate , meaningful , and useful in terms of purpose of the assessment”p,22 • A test of reading ability must actually measure reading ability. • Does the test content/ items match the course content or unit being taught?

12. Evidences of validity • a- content validity is achieved when the students where asked to perform the behavior that being measured. For example, when you are assessing a student's ability to speak a second language but you are asking him/her to answer a paper and pence multiple choice questions that require grammatical judgment, then you are not achieving the content validity. • Does the test follow the logic of the lesson or unit? • Are the objectives of the lessons clear and present in the test?Read page 32-33

13. b- criterion validity refers to fact that the specified classroom objectives are measured. • c-face validity refers “ is to the extent students view the assessment as fair, relevant , and useful for improving learning” p,26 • Students will judge a test to be face valid if • Directions are clear • Organized in a logical way • No surprises • Time appropriate • Appropriate in difficulty

14. Applying Face Validity Principle • Read page 34-35

15. 4- Authenticity • If you are claiming that your test is authentic then you are saying that “ this task is likely to be enacted in the real world” * (do you remember one of the TOEFL problems?) • A reading passage is selected from real world sources that the students are likely encountered or will encounter.” • “Are the items contextualized rather than isolated? • “ the sequencing of items that show no relationship to one another lacks authenticity” p,28

16. Applying the Authenticity principle • Read page 35-36What do you notice in the two examples provided on page 35-36

17. 5- Washback • Washback is “ the effect of testing on teaching and learning” p, 28 • Teaching to the test • For students to diagnose their strength and weakness • Provide feedback to the students in case of formal and informal assessments.

18. How can you enhance backwash: • Praise students on their correct responses. • Comment on the test performance. • Give constructive comments/criticism on their weakness. • Give strategies on how can they improve their performance. • Use the questions on the test that show area of weakness to diagnose students’ weakness and where they need to focus their efforts on. • Give a chance for your students to “feed back on you feedback” to be able to focus their efforts in the coming weeks.

19. Samples of English Tests to Evaluate using the five principle of language testing • http://www.nysedregents.org/Grade3/EnglishLanguageArts/samplelisteningselection.pdf • http://www.henry.k12.ga.us/wle/home/crct/first%20grade/English%20test2.pdf • http://www.henry.k12.ga.us/wle/home/crct/first%20grade/Grammar%20and%20Mechanics%20Test.pdf

20. Class activity • Read Exercise 6 page 38-30, in small group evaluate the scenarios provided.

21. Next week Week6 Quiz • Constructing Classroom Tests p, 48-65

22. References • Brown, H. Douglas, 2004. Language Assessment: Principles and classroom practices. Pearson Education, Inc.