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Glycolysis (cytoplasm)

Glycolysis (cytoplasm). Pyruvate processing (membrane b/w cytoplasm and mitochondria) / Citric acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix). Electron Transport Chain (mitochondrial membrane). Cellular Respiration Animation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Gb2EzF_XqA.

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Glycolysis (cytoplasm)

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  1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)

  2. Pyruvate processing (membrane b/w cytoplasm and mitochondria)/ Citric acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix)

  3. Electron Transport Chain (mitochondrial membrane)

  4. Cellular Respiration Animation • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Gb2EzF_XqA

  5. Why do you suffocate when you lose access to oxygen? Explain what happens inside your mitochondria when you lose access to oxygen and why this poses such a dire problem for your cells. How is it that some other organisms don’t suffocate in oxygen-free environments, and in fact thrive there?

  6. Explain what the point of the “energy investment” phase of Glycolysis is. Why put in ATP, if the cell wants to get ATP out of it?

  7. Metabolism • The totality of an organism’s chemical processes. • Concerned with managing the material and energy resources of the cell.

  8. Catabolic Pathways • Pathways that break down complex molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. • Example: Respiration

  9. Anabolic Pathways • Pathways that consume energy, building complex molecules from smaller ones. • Example: Photosynthesis

  10. Energy • Ability to do work. • The ability to rearrange a collection of matter. • Forms of energy: • Kinetic • Potential • Activation

  11. Energy Transformation • Governed by the Laws of Thermodynamics.

  12. 1st Law of Thermodynamics • Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. • Also known as the law of “Conservation of Energy”

  13. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • Each energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

  14. Entropy Measure of disorder A B

  15. Summary • The quantityof energy in the universe is constant, but its quality is not.

  16. Question? • How does Life go against Entropy? • By using energy from the environment or external sources (e.g. food, light).

  17. Free Energy • The portion of a system's energy that can perform work.

  18. We can use Gibbs free energy to predict when reactions are spontaneous : DG = DH - T* DS change in potential energy of the system Change in Gibbs free energy change in the disorder of the system Any reaction that decreases DG is thermodynamically favorable and occurs spontaneously. DGreaction = Gproducts - Greactants If DG is negative, free energy is released and the reaction proceeds spontaneously. EXERGONIC If DG is positive, addition of energy (work) is required for the reaction to proceed. ENDERGONIC If DG is zero, the system is in equilibrium.

  19. Fig. 4.9

  20. Coupled endergonic and exergonic reactions before overall DG after Gibbs free energy Exergonic reaction Endergonic reaction Almost every endergonic process performed by organisms is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP, including

  21. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Inputs: Outputs: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2+ 6 H2O DG = –2870 kJ/mol 36 ADP + 36 Pi36 ATP DG = +992 kJ/mol DGtotal= -1878 kJ/mol

  22. The Big Picture

  23. Fig. 5.3

  24. Fig. 5.4

  25. All of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere was produced (and is continually replenished) by photosynthesis. Explain why plants produce an excess of oxygen. a. Where is the oxygen that is released by photosynthesis coming from? b. What do plants do with the sugar that is produced by photosynthesis? c. Given that plants have mitochondria as well that engage in cellular respiration, can you explain how there is still an excess of oxygen that gets released by the plants?

  26. Photosynthesis AnimationsLight Dependent Reactionshttp://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/ltrxn.htmlCalvin Cyclehttp://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/calvin.html

  27. Cellular Respiration AnimationsGlycolysishttp://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/glycolysis.htmlKrebs Cyclehttp://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.htmlElectron Transport Chainhttp://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html

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