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Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Pathology

Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Pathology. Rhinitis : inflammation of the nasal mucosa Caused by cold viruses and various allergens Excessive mucus produced results in nasal congestion and postnasal drip Nasal cavity infections often extend to nasolacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses

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Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Pathology

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  1. Chapter 13The Respiratory SystemPathology

  2. Rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa • Caused by cold viruses and various allergens • Excessive mucus produced results in nasal congestion and postnasal drip • Nasal cavity infections often extend to nasolacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses • Sinusitis: sinus inflammation • Can cause marked changes in voice quality Homeostatic Imbalance

  3. Life-threatening because trachea is the only way air can enter the lungs • Can suffocate if choke on a piece of food • Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which the air in a person’s own lungs is used to “pop out” an obstructing piece of food • Cracked ribs are a possibility if done incorrectly • Sometimes an emergency tracheostomy (surgical opening of the trachea) is done to provide an alternate route for air to reach the lungs Tracheal Obstruction

  4. Homeostatic Imbalances Hypoxia: inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues (become cyanotic) • Carbon monoxide poisoning: a type of hypoxia where carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin; victim becomes confused and has a throbbing headache and then dies

  5. Slide 13.4b • Genetic defect • Failure of the bones forming the palate (hard and sometimes soft) to fuse medially • Results in breathing, chewing, speaking difficulties Cleft Palate Cleft of hard and soft palate

  6. Genetic defect • Failure of the tissue of upper lip to fuse Cleft Lip

  7. Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System • Important birth defects • Cystic fibrosis – oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system • Cleft palate X-Ray of cystic fibrosis

  8. Sudden Infant Death syndrome (SIDS) • Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep • Some cases are thought to be a problem of the neural respiratory control center • One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities

  9. Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages • Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing Asthma

  10. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema • Major causes of death and disability in the United States

  11. Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • Features of these diseases • Patients almost always have a history of smoking • Labored breathing (dyspnea) (“air hunger”) becomes progressively more severe • Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common • Most victims retain carbon dioxide, are hypoxic, and have respiratory acidosis • Those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure

  12. Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through • Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis (less elastic) • Airways collapse during expiration • Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale • Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest • Cyanosis appears late in the disease (“pink puffers”) Emphysema

  13. Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed • Mucus production increases • Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange • Risk of lung infection increases • Pneumonia is common • Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early (“blue bloaters”) Chronic Bronchitis

  14. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  15. Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States • Increased incidence associated with smoking • Three common types • Squamous cell carcinoma • Adenocarcinoma • Small cell carcinoma Lung Cancer

  16. Causes and Symptoms ofLung Cancer • Causes:tuberculosis, air pollution from motor vehicles, factories, etc. The most common cause is due to cigarette smoking, • About 15% of all lung cancer cases are small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer is slightly more common in men than women, and is the most aggressive form of lung cancer. • Symptoms: bloody sputum, chest pain, cough, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, weight loss, wheezing, facial swelling difficulty, and weakness.

  17. Could Lung Cancer Cause Death? • Lung cancer is able to be a cause of death. The lungs fail meaning they fail to have the ability to exchange gasses properly leading to death caused by no oxygen or a build up of C02 . It can be caused by the ventilator or intercostal muscles failing to function or the alveoli fail to perform normal gas exchange.

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