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T. Pagano Jet Propulsion Laboratory Aerosol Workshop October 27, 2006

Advanced Remote-sensing Imaging Emission Spectrometer ARIES A Global Earth System Science Facility Instrument Concept. T. Pagano Jet Propulsion Laboratory Aerosol Workshop October 27, 2006. ARIES Combines AIRS and MODIS Measurements into One System. Improved: Horizontal Resolution

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T. Pagano Jet Propulsion Laboratory Aerosol Workshop October 27, 2006

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  1. Advanced Remote-sensing ImagingEmission Spectrometer ARIESA Global Earth System Science Facility Instrument Concept T. Pagano Jet Propulsion Laboratory Aerosol Workshop October 27, 2006

  2. ARIES Combines AIRS and MODIS Measurements into One System • Improved: • Horizontal Resolution • Spectral Resolution • Product Accuracy AIRS High Spectral MODIS High Spatial High Spatial / High Spectral AIRS - 13.5 km IR IFOV - 3.7-15.4 µm IR - 2378 IR Channels - l/Dl = 1200 - NEdT = 0.05 - 0.3 K - ± 50° FOV • MODIS • 1 km IR IFOV 0.25-0.5 km VNIR/SW • - 0.4-14.2 µm IR • - 20 RSB, 16 IR Channels • - l/Dl = 20-50 • - NEdT = 0.05 - 0.3 K • - ± 55° FOV • ARIES • 1 km IR IFOV • 0.25 km VIS, 0.5 km SW • - 0.4-15.4 µm • - >3000 Channels • - l/Dl > 1000 (IR) • NEdT = 0.1 - 0.3 K • - ± 55° FOV

  3. ARIES Objectives • Improve climate model parameterization of H2O • Higher Spatial Resolution Water Vapor Profiles • Improve accuracy of water vapor measurement to 5% • Characterize surface-atmosphere interactions • Relate regional scale processes to global scale models • Improve Characterization of Ocean Productivity • Provide more flexible frequencies (256 ch’s 0.4-1.0mm) • Provide and higher spatial resolution (250 m) • Improve calibration accuracy and atmospheric correction • Improve resolution and accuracy of trace gases and aerosols • Measure Key Gases: CO2, CO, CH4, O3, SO2, HNO3, N2O • Observe Sources and Sinks • Improve characterization of Aerosols (IR + Visible) • Observe Global Transport

  4. Secondary Benefits • Improve weather prediction • Provide higher spatial resolution 3D temperature and water vapor initialization data for next-generation GCM’s • Better prediction of severe weather (hurricanes and tornados) • Improved 3D water vapor winds in polar regions • Provide surface spectral emissivity for data assimilation • More accurate boundary layer atmospheric products • Characterize urban heat island effect on local weather • Simultaneously Measure key parameters of Earth System Cycles • Carbon Cycle: ENDVI, CO, CO2, CH4, Ocean Chlorophyll • Hydrologic Cycle: Atmospheric H2O, Clouds, Snow, Ice • Energy Cycle: Surface Emission, Aerosol Emission, Clouds, OLR, Greenhouse Gases

  5. ARIES Operational Benefits • Natural Hazards • Forest Fires: Improved temperature accuracy and observation of emitted gases • Volcanoes: Improved resolution and SO2 emission • Hurricanes: Improved track and intensity prediction • Tornados: Improved prediction through high resolution boundary layer observations over land

  6. MODIS Products Improved with ARIES Polar Winds Aerosols Ocean Chlorophyll EVI SST Fires

  7. AIRS Products Improved with ARIES Water Vapor Profiles Temperature Profiles Clouds CO Ozone SO2 Dust Methane CO2

  8. Sergio DeSouza-Machado (UMBC) http://asl.umbc.edu/pub/sergio/GODDARD06/sergio.pdf

  9. AIRS Cloud Top Height and Amount compared to Cloudsat CloudSat Cloud Mask + AIRS 2-layer Clouds CloudSat Track AIRS CLOUD HEIGHT AIRS CLOUD AMOUNT Small Large B. Kahn (JPL) Subtropical low and midlevel cloudiness

  10. ARIES Products • ARIES Products From MODIS •  Land: • Surface Reflectance, Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity, Land Cover/Change, Vegetation Indices, Thermal Anomalies/Fire, LAI/FPAR, Net Primary Vegetation Production, BRDF/Albedo, Vegetation Conversion/Continuous Fields • Atmospheres • Aerosols, precipitable water, cloud parameters, total ozone and atmospheric profiles, polar winds • Oceans • SST, Chlorophyll Concentration • ARIES Products From AIRS • Atmospheric Temperature and Water Vapor Profiles • Atmospheric Composition (Mid Troposphere) • Surface Temperature and Emissivity • Aerosols and Cloud Properties • New Products • Combined AIRS-MODIS Like Products • Boundary Layer Water Vapor and Trace Gas • Surface Spectral Emissivity (for NWP models) All Products Improved by Combining Hyperspectral Vis/NIR and Infrared

  11. ARIES Observes the Energy Cycle OLR Emitted Radiance Spectrum Reflected Spectrum Atm. Trans Cloud Properties Aerosols Water, CO2, CH4 Spectral Albedo Emissivity Tsurf

  12. ARIES Measures 3 Components of Water Cycle Atmospheric Water Vapor Profile Clouds Snow and Ice

  13. ARIES Measures Key Elements of Carbon Cycle CO2 , CH4 EVI Ocean Chlorophyll Calcium Carbonates

  14. High Spatial Resolution Water Vaporwill improve Models Predictions for Climate AIRS Water Vapor Animation: 2002-2005 Climate Models have large errors in water vapor amount* *"Three-dimensional tropospheric water vapor in coupled climate models compared with observations from the AIRS satellite system“, D. Pierce, T. Barnett (Scripps) Accepted GRL, 2006 Models show >50% bias errors in H2O vapor. Models worst at mid altitude and mid latitude. “Analysis of the accuracy and sampling biases of the AIRS measurements suggests that these differences are due to systematic model errors, which might affect the model-estimated range of climate warming anticipated over the next century.”

  15. Future ARIES 1 km IFOV Regional Coverage MODIS 1km Image Ash Plume from Ca Wildfires in 2003 ARIES Brings NASA Global ScienceInvestigations to a Regional Scale Global Carbon Monoxide Observations Past, Present and Future Current: AIRS, Grating, 15 km IFOV Daily Global Coverage Past MOPITT Gas Cell 22 km IFOV Monthly Global

  16. ARIES Fills Gaps Left by NPOESS • CrIS • Insufficient spatial resolution for future GCMs • ARIES will have 3 km products, CrIS has 45 km products • Insufficient near surface sensitivity • Low spatial resolution limits accuracy due to emissivity variability • No shortwave channels (Poor boundary layer sensitivity) • Missing Composition Products • Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide • Not Climate Quality • No requirements to support climate in current CrIS program • No thermal control, fragile and complex calibration • VIIRS • Atmospheres: No water vapor channels (no polar water winds) • Oceans: Incorrect channel frequencies. Inadequate Calibration • Land: Inadequate calibration

  17. ARIES Overview • Spatial • 705.3-833 km Orbit • 1 km IR, 500 m SW, 250 m Vis/NIR • 45º Angle Mirror Scanner, Scans ±55º • Hyperspectral • 0.4 – 15.4 mm • l/Dl > 150 Vis/NIR/SWIR l/Dl > 1000 IR • 6 FPAs, Vis/NIR, SW, MW1, MW2, LW and VLW • 256, 256, 787, 999, 637, 664 Channels = 3605 • Radiometric • Meets AIRS NEdTs at 1km resolution • Meets MODIS with ±55º (when Aggregated) • Calibration • Vis/NIR Depolarizer • Lamps, Convective Cloud Tops, Lunar View • On-board Blackbody & Space View for IR

  18. ARIES Bands and ResolutionPRELIMINARY Requirements 3605 Channels

  19. ARIES Baseline Concept Size: 0.5 x 0.5 x 1.0 m Mass: 150 kg Power: 200 W Thermally Isolated & Controlled Optical Bench Scan Mirror Active Cryo- Cooler Wide FieldSpectrometers And FPAs Passive Radiator Sunshade

  20. Technology Developments Since AIRS Allow ARIES Today AIRS Reflective 1.1° Grating Spectrometer SIRAS IIP1 Refractive 16° Grating Spectr Rockwell PV HgCdTe 256 x 256 x 6 AIRS BAE Systems PV/PC HgCdte 17 modules 2 x ~180 100 x 50 um MODIS Raytheon Vision Systems PV/PC HgCdTe 4 FPAs 10 x ~10 400 x 400 um ARIES NGST Small Single Pulse Tube Cooler AIRS Large Dual Pulse Tube Coolers AIRS Large Dewar SIRAS IIP3 High Efficiency Mini Dewars Developed under NASA Technology Development Programs (IIP, etc.)

  21. Grating SIRAS IIP-1 ADVANCED GRATING OPTICS TECHNOLOGY The Spaceborne Infrared Atmospheric Sounder (SIRAS) Spectrometer Developed under NASAInstrument Incubator Program in 2001 No Moving or Active Parts Mass: 2kg Size: 10 x 10 x 14 cm Field of view X-Track: 16.2° Pushbroom Operation Spectral Resolution: >900 (l/Dl) Number of Channels: 512 Each 4 Required for Full Spectral Range Spectral Range: 12-15.4 µm PI: Hartmut Aumann (AIRS IR Proj. Sci.)

  22. ARIES Synthesizes MODIS Band 13 Simulation Shows better than 4% Response Error Possible

  23. ARIES Modeled PerformanceLooks Very Good Vis/NIR SNR Vis/NIR/SWIR Spectral Resolution Dl ~ 4.7 nm SNR ~ 200 5% Albedo 45°SZA Dl ~ 4 nm IR NEdT at 250 K IR Spectral Resolution Dn ~ 1 cm-1 Dn ~ 0.5 cm-1

  24. ARIES Data Rate Requirements

  25. ARIES Development will RequireExperience of NASA EOS Teams PRELIMINARY ARIES Small Enough to be one of several instruments on a Mission Mission X Spacecraft JPL Experience with AIRS Available for Instrument Dev Inst. B ARIES Inst. A Product Development Will Build on Experience of MODIS and AIRS Teams Instrument Development Product Development Cal Val JPL Industry AIRS-Like Products JPL/Univ. MODIS-Like Products GSFC/Univ. Land Ocean Atmos. Chem Climate Water Weather New Products New Products will bridge Global and Regional Science and Science and Operations Data Distribution Can Build on Experience of GSFC DAAC and Others

  26. Conclusions • ARIES is a Global Earth System Science Facility Instrument Concept. • Combined Observations Facilitate Earth “System” Science by Science Team • ARIES is good value to NASA since it measures a wide range of geophysical parameters in a single instrument • Benefits to Science community include: • Improved Climate Model Parameterization of H2O • Improved Characterization of Ocean Productivity • Improved Resolution and Accuracy of Trace Gases • Improved Characterization of Clouds and Aerosols • Improved Land Surface Product Accuracies • Improved Regional Weather Forecasting • Improved Calibration Accuracy and Atmospheric Correction • ARIES fills vital gaps left by NPOESS CrIS and VIIRS • ARIES is a good companion instrument with other sensors since most observations are improved with knowledge of water vapor • Spacecraft resource requirements are modest • NASA Technology Investment in AIRS, MODIS, and IIP and NOAA investment in HES make ARIES low risk

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