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The Finnish Civil War of 1918

The Finnish Civil War of 1918. 27.1. Uprising of the Reds begins in Helsinki. The Red Guards are mobilized (called for military action). 28.1. Independently of this, the White Guards are also called for military action by their military leader, Mannerheim.

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The Finnish Civil War of 1918

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  1. The Finnish Civil War of 1918 27.1. Uprising of the Reds begins in Helsinki. The Red Guards are mobilized (called for military action). 28.1. Independently of this, the White Guards are also called for military action by their military leader, Mannerheim. During the following days fighting between the Red and White Guards begins: a civil war has begun. Within a few weeks of the outbreak of the Civil War, the front lines stabilize. The Reds control the southern part of Finland (Revolutionary Government/ Kansanvaltuuskunta in Helsinki) The Whites control the middle and northern parts of Finland (the Senate of Vaasa/ Vaasan senaatti) Finland is divided into two parts.

  2. Task: • Look at the map showing the front line in 1918. What kind of difficulties might the Reds face in their attempt to take control over Finland? • In the given circumstances, what are the possibilities for this attempt to succeed in your opinion?

  3. The fighting participants in the War Whites Reds Task: What kind of differences between the Red and the White Guards can you spot in these photographs?

  4. The Reds • Factory workers, tenant farmers, rural workers without land • Background for organization: the General Strike of 1905 • No organized military leadership • Russian troops as an extra asset • The Whites • Bourgeois, wealthy landowners, tenant farmers • Background for organization: a counterforce for the Red Guards • Organized military leadership (Mannerheim + the jaegers) • The jaegers and German troops as an extra asset

  5. Jääkärit / The Jaeger Troops • Finnish soldiers trained in Germany • Training began in 1915 • Out of the 1900 jaegers who went to Germany, about 1300 participated in the Civil War • They arrived to Finland in February 1918 • Had a notable role in the war: military professionalism of the White side

  6. Women in the war ”Maaliskuun lopulla alkoi katujen risteyksiin ilmestyä mieheksi puettuja tyttöjä, kivääri hihnasta olalla. Naiskomppania oli perustettu. Nytpä kerronkin sen mainehikkaimmasta tytöstä Kangasahon Hilmasta. Hilma oli aatteesta eikä mistään muusta vaikuttimesta mukana taistelussa, ehkäpä tehtaitten sulkeminen oli pienenä lisävaikuttimena. Hilma ei jäänyt vartiopalvelukseen vaan meni rintamalle mieskomppanian mukana. He taistelivat veljeni kanssa samassa ketjussa Lempäälässä, perääntyivät viimeisten mukana, tien jo tukkineen saksalaismiehityksen läpi murtautuen. Hilma ampui siinä kuin pojatkin. Toiset tytöt kehottivat Hilmaa vaihtamaan housunsa hameeksi mahdollisen vangiksi joutumisen varalta. ”En mä pöksyistäni ja pyssystäni luovu, vaikka noin oliskin ja henki meniskin”, haastoi Hilma reippaaseen tapaansa. Ketjuun lähti Lahden suunnalle, eikä enää tavattu. Silminnäkijät kertoivat Hilman taistelleen viimeiseen panokseen asti. Savuava kivääri kädessä hänet pidätettiin. Tuomio oli lyhyt. Aseistetut naiset armotta ammuttiin, sen enempää kysymättä, tutkimatta.”

  7. The role of women was significant in many ways during the war in 1918. For example in Lappeenranta, a group of women were acting as spies for the the White side. You can see some of them portrayed in this photograph. Task: What kind of tasks do women have in a wartime situation?

  8. Hämeenlinnalainen suojeluskuntalainen Antti Teräväinen muistelee helmikuulta 1918: ”Menin rannalle kävelemään. Siihen tuli eräs rouva, ja sanoi, että täällä on varmasti tehty jotain viime yönä. Hänen miehensä oli käynyt yöllä ulkona ja kuullut rannalta valitusta. Löysimme halkopinojen luota kaksi verijälkeä. Arvasimme, että täällä oli ammuttu vankeja: maassa oli kintaita ja rukouskirjoja, joita meikäläisille oli jaettu.” Teräväinen komppanioineen käveli jäälle, jossa 30 metriä rannasta oli avanto. ”Aloin haroa haalla, ja yksitoista miestä vedettiin sieltä jäälle”. Valkoiset katselivat pöyristyneinä löytöään: ”Toiset ruumiista olivat aivan alasti, toiset alusvaatteisillaan. Ruumiita oli revitty, niillä oli kymmeniä pistimen reikiä käsivarsissa ja hartioissa.” Valto Koskinen näki avannosta nostettujen ruumiiden joukossa nuoremman veljensä Toivon, joka oli jäänyt punaisten vangiksi. ”Valto sanoi, että nyt häntä ei enää pidätä mikään. Seuraavana päivänä se lähti Taavettiin (taisteluihin) ensimmäisten joukossa.” Rykmentin komentaja Sarlin kävi katsomassa ruumiita Rapasaaren jäällä. Sarlinin kommentti näkemästään oli selvä: ”Jokaista ammuttua valkoista kohden ammutaan kymmenen punikkia!”.

  9. Task: According to this document, what is the attitude of the Red leadership toward the Reds practising terror?

  10. Red and White Terror • The civil war that had broke out in January 1918 was not an usual war. Along with the fighting at the front lines, the tragedy of the war was tied to a reign of terror that was unleashed by each side. • The Red Terror • - occured mostly at the beginning and at the end of the war - circa 1600 victims: mostly unarmed civilian population - does not appear to have been a systematic effort to liquidate class enemies; generally random • - disavowed by the Red leadership, who made several appeals in newspapers and in internal commandments to stop it

  11. Punakaartilainen kertoo: ”Alkoi suuri tilinteko. Ei vain velka, vaan myös korko piti maksaa, ja se korko oli suuri. Valkoisten tullessa Koiviston punakaartilaiset pakenivat metsiin, osa jäi kotiin odottamaan mitä tulema piti. Ja tulihan sitä! Samat vajat, mitkä äsken olivat olleet täynnä valkoisia vankeja, täyttyivät nyt punaisista. Osat olivat vaihtuneet. Punaisten toimesta lienee Koivistolla ammuttu 6-7 henkeä. Eräiden tietojen mukaan valkoiset ampuivat 142 miestä. Luvut eivät ole virallisia, mutta ne ovat kauheita. Suurin osa teloituksista tapahtui ns. Suntion pellolla. Myöhemmin, kun siihen tuli lupa, lesket ja muut omaiset kaivoivat ruumiit ylös ja hautasivat kirkkomaahan. Vihan kylvö oli kantanut moninkertaisen sadon. Kynä ei suostu kertomaan kaikesta siitä, mitä tapahtui talvella punaisten toimesta, eikä siitä, mitä keväällä valkoisten taholta. Se on kuin liiaksi pahaa ollakseen totta... Jos Suomi jo vuoteen 1917-18 mennessä oli jaettu kahtia, niin niinä vuosina se halkaistiin pohjiaan myöten. ’Suuri viha’ kesti vuosikymmeniä puolin ja toisin. Siitä saivat kärsiä lapset, jopa lastenlapsetkin.”

  12. Execution of two Red prisoners

  13. Task: According to this document, what is the attitude of the White leadership toward the acts of terror?

  14. Red and White Terror • The civil war that had broke out in January 1918 was not an usual war. Along with the fighting at the front lines, the tragedy of the war was tied to a reign of terror that was unleashed by each side. • The Red Terror • - occured mostly at the beginning and at the end of the war • - circa 1600 victims: mostly unarmed civilian population • - does not appear to have been a systematic effort to liquidate class enemies; generally random • - disavowed by the Red leadership, who made several appeals in newspapers and in internal commandments to stop it • The White Terror • - reached its peak at the end of the war • - circa 8300 victims: mostly mass executed Red prisoners • - the directions given by the White leadership about the treatment of the enemy have often been interpreted as even justifying revenge

  15. The decisive moments of the war • After long and heavy fighting, the Whites managed to invade and occupy the Red stronghold of Tampere in 6.4.1918 and Helsinki in 13.4.1918 • The Red troops fleeing to east were caught and subdued in the battles of Lahti and Viipuri • Fighting seized in May: the Reds surrendered – the Whites had won the War • The Whites organized a great parade of victory in Helsinki in 17.5.1918 Task: Why did the Reds flee eastward?

  16. A mass grave near Lahti

  17. The great parade of victory in Helsinki in 17.5.1918 led by Mannerheim

  18. C.G.E. Mannerheim • Military training in Russia • Leader of the White Guards in the Civil War • The High Commander of Finland’s armed forces in the Winter War (1939) and Continuation War (1941-44) • President of Finland in 1944-46

  19. Why did the Whites win? Advantages of the Whites • professional leadership (Mannerheim + the jaegers were used to large scale operations and made good strategic judgements) • better organized and equipped troops • the role of the German troops was not decisive but certainly more effective than that of the Russian troops on the Red side Disadvantages of the Reds • poor leadership, training, equipment • food shortages • lack of discipline (the Red troops were not always even willing to operate outside their local areas) • Ultimately, the Reds suffered most from a lack of dynamic leadership. There was no Finnish Lenin to direct the revolution, and there was no Finnish Trotsky to vitalize the Red armed forces

  20. The divided country "The Civil War was a catastrophe for Finland. In only a few months, about 30,000 Finns perished, less than a quarter of them on the battlefield, the rest in summary executions and in detention camps. These deaths amounted to about 1 percent of the total population of Finland.  The memory of the injuries perpetrated during the war divided the society into two camps; victors and vanquished.The divisions in society that resulted from the conflict were so intense that the two sides could not even agree on what it ought to be called. The right gave it the name "War of Independence," thereby stressing the struggle against Russian rule, for they had feared that a Red victory could well lead to the country's becoming a Soviet satellite. Leftists emphasized the domestic dimensions of the conflict, referring to it by the term "Civil War." Their feelings about the course of the hostilities were so intense that, until the late 1930s, Social Democrats refused to march in the Independence Day parade. Today, with the passing of decades, historians have generally come to define the clash as a civil war."

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