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Kin selection

Kin selection. Individual interaction behaviors. actor. recipient. altruism presented a “special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my whole theory.” Darwin 1859. ‘Altruisitc’ interactions. Manipulation Individual advantage Reciprocal altruism

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Kin selection

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  1. Kin selection

  2. Individual interaction behaviors actor recipient

  3. altruism presented a “special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my whole theory.” Darwin 1859

  4. ‘Altruisitc’ interactions Manipulation Individual advantage Reciprocal altruism Kin selection

  5. Manipulation nest parasitism brown headed cowbird

  6. Individual advantage fish schooling selfish herd

  7. Reciprocal altruism A will help B, if B will help A in the future Reciprocal altruism can evolve only under a restricted set of conditions Need: -repeated interactions -individual recognition grooming

  8. Reciprocal altruism Vampire bats reciprocate by sharing blood meals. They usually share with close relatives or non-relatives who are roostmates and may later reciprocate

  9. Kin selection Selection can favor making sacrifices for kin; it should also favor avoiding sacrifices for non-kin Most alleles favored by kin selection rise to high frequency by inducing altruism toward individuals likely to be carrying copies of the same allele

  10. Inclusive fitness Inclusive fitness consists of direct fitness due to personal reproduction and indirect fitness due to additional reproduction by relatives Inclusive fitness = direct fitness + indirect fitness Behavior that results in indirect fitness gains is favored by kin selection

  11. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 half siblings 0.25 0.5 grandparent - grandchild 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.125 full siblings cousins Coefficient of relatedness parent-child

  12. Helpers at the nest Helpers gain indirect fitness benefits because they are very closely related to their siblings Florida scrub jay

  13. Helpers at the nest White-fronted bee-eater

  14. Helpers at the nest White-fronted bee-eater

  15. Alarm calling Belding’s ground squirrels

  16. Alarm calling Belding’s ground squirrels

  17. Alarm calling Meerkat sentinels Science, June 04 1999, 284: 1585

  18. Cannibalistic tadpoles Spadefoot toad tadpoles omnivorous morph carnivorous morph

  19. Parents maximize their fitness by investing in all of their offspring equally Offspring, in contrast, maximize their fitness by receiving more parental investment than their siblings

  20. Siblicide Siblicide may increase the fitness of parents as well as the siblicidal offspring if the offspring that is killed is likely to die anyway

  21. Siblicide - adelphophagy Sand tiger shark Intra-uterine embryonic cannibalism

  22. Eusociality

  23. Eusociality 3 characteristics: overlap in generations between parents & offspring cooperative brood care specialized castes of non-reproductive individuals

  24. mother diploid father haploid 0.5 1 Eusociality In haplodiploid species females are more closely related to their sisters than they are to their own offspring (0.5 x 0.5) + (1 x 0.5) = 0.75 (0.5 x 0.5) = 0.25 sisters brothers

  25. Eusociality

  26. Eusociality

  27. Eusociality haplodiploidy does not completely explain the evolution of eusociality many eusocial species are not haplodiploid many haplodiploid species are not eusocial

  28. Eusociality naked mole rats

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