Bellringer

1. Bellringer • Place your homework ( the reading guide and the vocabulary) into the homework bin. • BJOTD: What did the cloud wear under his clothes?

2. Objectives • The Students will know: • What Simony, usury, and indulgences are • Who was Martin Luther, Jan Huss, and John Wycliffe • The Students will understand: • People desired a change in the way the Catholic Church was run in Europe • The Students will be able to: • Describe Martin Luther’s actions leading to the Protestant Reformation • List 3 reasons why people wanted church reform • Identify two earlier reformers of the church prior to Luther

3. The Protestant Reformation

4. Church Abuses • Even before the Renaissance, people were critical of the Catholic Church. • Nobles in Germany and England hated the Italian domination of the Church • Merchants challenged the church’s view of no usury • Usury: lending money at a high rate of interest • People were critical of the Church’s power, wealth, and corruption

5. Common Complaints: • Many priests were illiterate • Nuns and priests were having illegitimate children • Church officials were charging to see holy remains and objects • Simony:the practice of paying for a church position

6. Early Attempts at Reform • 1300s-1400s: John Wycliffe • From England • Beliefs • Felt that the church (and its officials) should be poor • Believed that church officials should not interfere with the government of a country

7. 1300s-1400s: Jan Huss • From Bohemia • Influenced by the ideas of John Wycliffe • Teacher at the University of Prague • Preached the ideas of Wycliffe and spoke out against indulgences

8. Indulgences, what? • They are certificates issued by the church that were said to reduce or cancel punishment for your sins FREEDOM FROM SIN

9. Jan Huss ends up being put on trial and burned at the stake for heresy • Heresy: a proposed change to a system of beliefs that conflicts with the established system • July 6th is considered a holiday in the Czech Republic

10. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll.

11. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll.

12. 1500s: The Renaissance Causes Unrest • The Renaissance values of humanism, individualism, and secularism stimulated widespread criticism of the Catholic Church. • Why? • People began to think for and about themselves, and wondered why the Church, who abused their power, had so much of it.

13. Martin Luther • Born in 1483 in Germany • Came from a middle class family • His father wanted him to become a lawyer

14. Lightening Strikes! • In 1505, Martin Luther was caught in a thunderstorm and almost struck by lightning! • He began to pray and at that moment promised God that he would become a priest

15. So he becomes a priest… • He is very devout and he spends hours confessing and praying • He is preoccupied with sin • He asks, “HOW CAN WE ALL BE SAVED?” • Spends most of his time researching this very question

16. And he decides… • A person can be made good/just, simply through faith alone • This is known as Justification (or Salvation) By Faith

17. Luther’s Protest • Pope Leo X (and Johann Tetzel) was trying to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome • So he sold INDULGENCES and church positions • Luther did not agree with this "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs”

18. Luther HATED this idea • Professor in Wittenburg, Germany • Lectured on a regular basis against the church’s actions that he deemed corrupt • On October 31, 1517 he nailed his “95 Theses” to the door of the Wittenburg church.

19. The 95 Theses • Said that the Catholic Church was corrupt in Germany

20. Printed Copies were spread throughout Germany, and so… • Sales of Indulgences went down • Luther published more essays advocating Justification by Faith • Pope Leo X sent people to try to stop him but he refused • So the Pope excommunicates him from the Catholic Church

21. A DIET Meets in Germany • A diet (/dee-yet/) is a council of German Princes • Wanted to bring Luther back into the Church • But Luther had to take back his criticisms of the papacy

22. Luther Refuses • He is rushed into hiding so he won’t get arrested • He hides at the castle of his friend, Frederick of Saxony • While there he continues to write about the abuses of the Catholic Church.

23. Lutheranism vs. Catholicism Lutheranism • Faith is all you need to be saved • Services held in German • All believers are equal Catholicism • Faith and good works will save you • Services held in Latin • Church was a hierarchy, there were levels of worth

24. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll.

25. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll.

26. What do you have to have in a trial? • Prosecution • Defense • Witnesses • Judge • Jury • Argument • Questions

27. Law and Order: Martin Luther • Read over assignment • Look over rubric • Assign parts • Get started

28. Questions to get to a point • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diiZiLcSSW0&feature=related • Start broad, get more specific • Have an end statement in mind • What do you want your witness to have to say?

29. Differences Within the Protestant Reformation

30. Swiss Reformers • Huldrych Zwingli, a priest, led the Protestant movement in Switzerland in the early 1500s. • Like Luther, stressed salvation by faith alone • Unlike Luther, wanted to break completely from Catholic tradition and establish a theocracy, or church-run state, in Zurich • In 1525 he did but soon after civil war broke out over Protestant activity and Zwingli and his force were defeated by an army of Catholics

31. John Calvin • Grew up in Catholic France at the start of the Reformation • Educated in theology (study of religion), law, and humanism • He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536

32. Views: • Predestination: God already knows who will be saved • Faith is revealed by living a righteous life • Strong work ethic a plus • Playing cards, bright clothes a no no

33. Consistory • Calvin tried to turn Geneva into a model religious community • Established the Consistory, a church council of 12 elders • They were given power to control almost every aspect of people’s lives

34. The Life of a Citizen • All citizens had to attend Reformed church services several times a week • The Consistory inspected homes annually to make sure that no one was disobeying laws • Harsh punishments were dispensed to people who disobeyed the laws NO… • Drunkenness • Fighting • Swearing • Gambling • Card playing • Dancing

35. The Success of Calvinists • It was led by local councils of ministers and elected church members so it was easy to establish in most countries • It had a somewhat democratic structure which inspired intense loyalty • Calvinism became a dynamic social force in western Europe

36. John Knox • Leader of Scotland Reformation • Said to “Obey rulers as long as they do not disobey God.”

37. Radical Reformers • Called the Anabaptists • Initiated only adult members by baptism • This was contrast to Catholic and Protestant faiths which baptized infants • Chose to separate themselves from what they saw as a sinful society

38. Anabaptists • In 1534 some fanatical Anabaptists seized Munster, Germany • Burned books, seized property, and practiced polygamy (having more than one wife) • Lutherans and Catholics united to kill all Anabaptists so many survivors fled to America • Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

39. England’s Church • King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his wife Queen Catherine of Aragon (a Spanish princess) • He believed Catherine was too old to have more children and she had given him no heir to the throne • He decided to marry the seductive Anne Boleyn

40. Divorce is illegal in the Catholic church, and the Pope refused to annul the marriage. • 1529: Henry called Parliament into session and ended the Pope’s power in England by passing laws to separate the English Church from the Pope • Act of Supremacy: made King Henry, not the Pope, the head of the Church in England • He then divorced Catherine and married Anne

41. Henry took all the money out of the Catholic monasteries across England for the crown

42. Henry’s Wenches • Catherine of Aragon – divorced • Anne Boleyn – beheaded (adultery) • Jane Seymour – died after birth to Edward • Anne of Cleves – divorced (immediately) • Catherine Howard – beheaded (adultery) • Catherine Parr

43. Catherine of Aragon • Henry’s first Queen • Loved by England, true and virtuous Queen • Has daughter---Mary (will become known as Bloody Mary) • Henry divorced Catherine for Anne Boleyn

44. Anne Boleyn • Once Henry’s mistress, becomes Queen when Henry announces divorce from Catherine • Miscarries many children • Has one healthy baby girl • Daughter—Elizabeth • Henry orders Anne’s execution for adultery, or cheating on him

45. Elizabeth I • Ruled after her brother Edward VI (Protestant) and her sister Mary (Catholic) • Made Anglicanism the official religion of England

46. Spread the Protestant faith to the Americas through expansion • The victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588 ended religious interference from the continent • Elizabeth encouraged religious tolerance

47. Bellringer • Witnesses: Place your papers in the homework bin! • Everyone: • Make sure your group has books for everyone and your bin of supplies • On the back of your study guide is your bellringer. Work on it individually, using your notes from the placard activity if necessary. • If you finish early, work on your map! (use page 54!) • BJOTD: How do spies send secret messages in forests?

48. The Catholic Counter-Reformation

49. What was the Counter Reformation? • After the Catholic Church realized that the new Protestant religions like Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism were here to stay, it finally decided to reform, or change, some of its habits.

50. Prior to the Reformation, there was the Inquisition • The Inquisition was a church court that was created to reinforce Catholic doctrine (or rules) • Catholics would look for and punish people suspected of going against the church