WHAP Time Period Five 1914 - Present

1. WHAP Time Period Five 1914 - Present Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High School Jacksonville, FL

2. WHAP Time Period Four • Slides based on the Ethel Wood Study Guide Publication • Ordering information: • www.dsmarketing.com/books_worldhistory.html Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

3. 1914 - Present • Slides based on the Ethel Wood Study Guide Publication • Ordering information: • www.dsmarketing.com/books_worldhistory.html Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

4. Charts to Assist You • I have already posted numerous charts for most time periods on one of my web sites: • www.mandarin.groupfusion.net • Choose Sacerdote’s Classes • Choose World History AP • Click “Join Class” (upper left corner) • Wait for my acceptance • Go to site, under “Section Files” (lower right) click “STUFF” to access the charts. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

5. WHAP Course Themes • Demonstrate your knowledge by including these themes in your essays: • 1. Impact of interaction among and within major societies;2. The relationship of change and continuity across the periods covered;3. Impact of technology and demography on people and the environment; Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

6. Course Themes (continued) • 4. Systems of social structure and gender structure (comparing major features within and among societies and assessing change).5. Cultural and intellectual developments and interactions among societies; and6. Changes in functions and structures of states and in attitudes toward states and political identities (political culture), including the emergence of nation-state (types of political organization). Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

7. The World Since 1914 • World War I (ends European hegemony) & Russian Revolution • The Rise of Totalitarianism • World War II • The Cold War Era (1945-1991) • The International System as developed • The United States and its Allies v. The U.S.S.R. and its Allies • Domestic Cold War Issues • International Cold War Issues Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

8. 1914 - Present • Post Cold War Period • The Era of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin & Putin • Perestroika, Glasnost, & Democratization • Fall of Communism in the Eastern Bloc • Fall of Communism in the Former Soviet Union • Globalization, and the World of Terror • Deng Xiaoping and the Rise of China Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

9. Distinguishing Characteristics: 1914 - Present • Redefinition and repositioning of the “West” • Post WW II the center of the west became the USA, not Europe as was the case in the last time period • Note the population growth rates on the East versus the West, North versus Southern hemispheres. How will this impact the future? Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

10. Distinguishing Characteristics: 1914 - Present • Increase in International Contact • Trade and Communication has made the world much more transparent • Technological connections allowed the spread of culture and science • The impact of International Organizations • League of Nations, United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, the EU Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

11. Distinguishing Characteristics: 1914 - Present • The Democratic Transition • Many monarchies are replaced • Changes in Belief systems • Is there a world-wide trend away from belief systems? Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

12. Distinguishing Characteristics: 1914 - Present • Questioning of Systems of Inequality • Widespread reforms of the 20th c. • Major civil rights movements for racial and ethnic minorities shook the United States, India, South Africa (Apartheid) • Decolonization Concerns & Opportunities Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

13. Other Concerns to Mull Over • War & Diplomacy • First half of the 20th c. marred by war, and Holocaust • Second half the Cold War • New Patterns of Nationalism • Continued to shape interactions among nations • Decolonization post WW II reflected and promoted nationalism in former colonies Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

14. Other Concerns to Mull Over • Impact of Major Global Economic Developments • The Great Depression • Political Revolutions and Innovations • Revolutions shake Russia, China, and Latin America • The Long Wars of the 20th c.: Liberal Democracy, Communism, or Fascism Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

15. Other Concerns to Mull Over • Social Reform and Revolution • Reform led to changes in gender roles, family structures, the rise of feminism, peasant protests, and internationalism Marxism • Globalization of science, technology, and culture Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

16. Other Concerns to Mull Over • Demographic and Environmental Changes • Migrations of people from Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean to industrialized countries • The environment was damaged due to deforestation, urbanization, and industrialization (presently in China, India, etc…) Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

17. Major Causes for WW I • Imperialism (esp. Scramble for Africa) • Expansionism • Nationalism • Entangling, Secret and Shifting Alliances • Naval Arms Race • French Revenge Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

18. Emergence of the Russian Revolution • Tsarist Russia (1613 – 1917) • Entry into WW I amplified existing stresses and the oppressive Romanov Rule ends with the abdication of Nicholas II • Food shortages, strikes, mutinies lead to the creation of a provisional government of Kerensky Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

19. Emergence of the Russian Revolution & Soviet Russia • Vladimir Ilyich Lenin & the Bolsheviks Fail in July of 1917, but succeed in October/November 1917 • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk pulls Russia out of WW I in January of 1918 • Stalin takes over in 1924 until 1953 Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

20. Versailles & the Great War • A marker event, a true fiasco • The first in a series of events that led to declining European Power and ascending power for the US and Japan • 27 nations gathered at Versailles in 1919 • Russia was NOT invited • Pres. Wilson of the USA’s 14 Points Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

21. Versailles & the Great War The Treaty of Versailles • Germany lost lands (Alsace-Lorraine & Polish Corridor) • German military was restricted and a DMZ along France and Belgium was created • German Monetary Reparations were HUGE, Guilt Clause • League of Nations was created • Germany lost oversea possessions Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

22. Roots of WW II • A continuation of the First World War • 20 years of peace between the two world wars (if you leave out Japanese aggression) • Rooted in a continuation of unsettled business from WW I Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

23. Rise of Japan • The Meji Restoration of the late 19th c. greatly strengthened Japan • Militarily, politically, and economically • Imitated western imperialists • Success in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • Made 21 Trade demands of China (1915) Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

24. Rise of Japan: Expansionism • Invaded traditionally Chinese Manchuria in 1931 • Full scale invasion of China in 1937 and rapidly took control of China’s eastern shoreline Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

25. Italy : Pre-WW II • Prime Minister Orlando of Italy was called home due to the rise of Mussolini • Mussolini appeals to Italian Nationalism • Wants to bring Italy back to Roman greatness Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

26. Germany Post WW I • Establishes the Weimar Republic • Doomed from the start • Leader General Hindenberg • War debts • Vital resources taken by France • Huge Inflation • Desperate times Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

27. Hitler • WW I soldier • German Socialist Workers Party gains popularity, It is US AGAINST THE WORLD • Beer Hall Putsch in Munich • Mein Kampf • Appointed Chancellor, anti-Communist warnings to businessmen Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

28. Hitler • Begins to blatantly breaks provisions in the Treaty of Versailles • He rebuilds the military • Claims lands outside the Versailles limits • Seizes the resource-rich Rhineland from France • His NAZI state was authoritarian and militaristic, and like Japan and Italy incredibly expansionist Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

29. Hitler • Attacked a German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia: The Sudetenland • The Czech’s call for help, and at a meeting in Munich 1938 Britain’s Prime Minister Chamberlain (APPEASEMENT) • We have achieved, “Peace in Our Time” • The west turns their back on the CZECH’s Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

30. Nature of WW II • Worldwide Participation: only 11 nations did not become involved in the war • Fighting in Various “theatres” or “arenas” • Airplanes and Tanks Dominate • Radar emerges • Widespread Killing of Civilians • Overall at least 35 million died Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

31. The Holocaust • Genocide (ethnic-based killing) • Japanese torture & killed 300,000 Chinese (Rape of Nanjing) • USA Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Killed and wounded a couple hundred thousand • 6 Million European Jews are killed by Germany (other gypsies, dissidents, communists, Catholics are also killed) Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

32. The Holocaust • The "final solution" to the "Jewish problem" included death by gassing, electrocution, phenol injections, flamethrowers, and machine guns. • Others died in concentration camps from starvation and medical experiments. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

33. The Course of WW II • The war officially began in Europe with Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939. • He used a war technique called blitzkrieg (lightning war) to quickly conquer Poland, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and France. • Blitzkrieg involved bombing civilian targets and rapidly moving troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

34. Germany/Russia • Germany stretched its armies when in decided to attack Russia to the east, despite an earlier non-aggression treaty signed between the two countries. • The attack sparked Russia's entry on the Allied side in 1941, and the Germans suffered their first defeat of the war in Stalingrad in 1942. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

35. Course of WW II • The course of the war changed dramatically when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in 1941, causing the United States to enter the war, and • Played a larger role in WW II when compared to the first world war Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

36. Post-World War II International Organizations • The United Nations was chartered during an international meeting in San Francisco in September 1945. • About 50 nations signed the charter, a number that had swelled to over 180 by the end of the century. • NATO was formed in 1949 as a defensive alliance among the U.S., Canada, and western European nations. In response, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact, including eastern European nations Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

37. The Cold WarUSA versus the USSR 1945 - 1991

38. Causes of the Cold War • Fear, • Mistrust, • Ideological Differences, • Domestic Politics, • Expansionism, • Geopolitics, • Opportunities, • Maintaining a balance of power, • the International System, Arms Race • Germany, control one’s destiny, Russo-Centricism, McCarthyism) Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

39. The Yalta Conference: Feb. 1945 • FDR, Churchill, Stalin (Big Three) • Free Elections for occupied lands • Does FD Roosevelt overlook the growing Soviet “interest” in Eastern Europe because he may need the Soviet’s assistance with a storming of Japan’s four main islands? Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

40. Lend-Lease Act of 1941 • From 1941 –May 1945 the USA shipped the USSR the following items*: • 15,000 planes • 7,000 tanks • 52,000 jeeps • 400,000 trucks * Cold War Almanac (Vol. 1) Sharon M. Hanes & Richard C. Hanes, Thomson Gale Publishing Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

41. May 1945 • May 7, 1945 the defeated Germans officially surrender • May 11, 1945: President Truman abruptly ended shipments of wartime supplies to the Soviets • This put an end to all aid except what the Soviets needed to fight Japan…Stalin was furious. Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

42. The Potsdam Conference: July 1945 • A New Big Three: • Stalin 21 years in office • President Truman about 3 months in office • Prime Minister Churchill (1940 45 then voted out of office as this starts, he will later be elected again 1951-55) • Clement Attlee (July of 1945 – 1951) Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

43. Potsdam • USSR has many troops occupying Eastern Europe by the time Germany surrenders. Including Poland (their prize) • Stalin wants a “buffer zone” • Tensions running very high • Future of Germany discussed Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

44. Truman Doctrine • Truman fears Yugoslavia’s Tito wants Greece, and • Stalin wants Turkey • Truman speech to Congress • We will aid any country where free people’s feel threatened • $400 Million in aid Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

45. European Recovery Plan “The Marshall Plan” • Collectively Europe would meet and decide how much money they needed to rebuild • Western Europe is all over the plan, Eastern Europe is warned by Stalin not to participate (walk out of Paris meetings) • Yugoslavia’s Tito (“Our Little Communist”) takes $151 million Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

46. Marshall Plan • Truman requests $17 Billion • Between $12 – 13.5 Billion is given Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

47. NSC – 68 (1950) • National Security Council Document 68 • Outlined a plan for keeping Soviet influence contained within existing areas • The strategy would require dramatic increase in military spending • Unprecedented for the US during peacetime Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

48. Decolonization • Nationalism with newly created independent countries in Africa, Asia, India, the Caribbean, etc… once again changed the balance of power in the world • Be familiar especially with India, the creation of the Pakistan’s, Vietnam, Algeria, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

49. 1914 – Present Major Global Economic Developments • The Great Depression • The Computer and information age • Multinational Corporations • The Rise of the Asian Tigers (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore), and China Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL

50. Cold War in Asia • Mao (Communist) finally defeats Chiang Kai-Shek (KMT) • China adopts communism 10-1-1949 • Chiang Kai-Shek Flees to Formosa (Taiwan) protected by our 7th Fleet • 1950-1953 The Korean Conflict • North Korea attacks below the 38th p. • Still divided today (politically) Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High Jacksonville, FL