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Industrialization: Manchester

Industrialization: Manchester. Industrial cities. For centuries, most people lived in the country 1800- Urbanization period City building and movement of people to cities Caused by growth of factory system # of cities with more than 100k doubled. Industrial Cities. Problems with growth

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Industrialization: Manchester

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  1. Industrialization: Manchester

  2. Industrial cities • For centuries, most people lived in the country • 1800- Urbanization period • City building and movement of people to cities • Caused by growth of factory system • # of cities with more than 100k doubled

  3. Industrial Cities • Problems with growth • Bad housing • No sanitary codes • No building codes • Inadequate edu. • No police force • Living Conditions • Unpaved streets covered in garbage • Dark, dirty, small shelters • Sickness spread rapidly • Life span- 17 years (38 in country)

  4. Industrial Cities • Working Conditions • 14 hrs./ 6 days a week • Factories were dark and dangerous • No government aid in case of injury • Coal mines • Most dangerous conditions • Life span- 10 yrs. Shorter than an average person • Women/children worked in mines- cheaper labor

  5. Class Tensions • Middle Class • Skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers • Made good money & had nice homes • Grew in size and some became wealthier than nobles • Working Class • Saw little improvement to their living/working conditions • machines began to replace some workers • Created a hatred/class struggle in cities

  6. Effects of industrialization • Positive Effects: • Created jobs • Increased wealth of people/nations • Increased production of goods • Raised standard of living • Healthier diets • Cheaper/more clothing • Expanded educational opportunities • Negative Effects • Hard working conditions • Long hours • Child labor • Pollution

  7. Industrialization Spreads CH.9 Section 3

  8. Industrial development in the u.s. • U.S. possessed all of the same resources that were present in Great Britain • War of 1812 • GB blockaded the U.S. to prevent international trade • Also forbade engineers, tool makers, and mechanics to leave GB • U.S. Industrial infancy • Started in the textile mills • Samuel Slater (1789) • Migrated to U.S. • Built spinning machine from memory • Machine used to develop thread in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

  9. Massachusetts • Francis Lowell & 4 investors revolutionized textile industry • Mechanized each phase of cloth making • Massachusetts becomes manufacturing center of the U.S. • Women in the workplace • Young/single women flocked to these towns to work in the textile mills • Higher wages/independence • Behavior was watched closely by employers • Worked 12 hrs/day-----6 days/week

  10. Industrial expansion in u.s. • NE industrialized early in 1800s • Majority of U.S. remained agricultural until end of Civil War (1865) • Factors of Expansion • Resources: oil, coal, iron • Railroads • Inventions: light bulb, telephone, etc. • Railroads played major role in America’s industrialization • Chicago & Minneapolis expanded rapidly • Railroads were very profitable business

  11. Cornelius Vanderbilt • 1817 Worked for a steamboat company out of NY/NJ • 1820 Started his own shipping business in NY • Known as a ruthless and highly competitive businessman • California Gold Rush • Offered a shortcut through Nicaragua for people in East traveling West • Earned aprrox. $1 million/ year ($26 million today) • Railroad Tycoon • Built majority of east coast railroads around NY • Connected his railroads with line to Chicago • Lowered costs, increased efficiency, & sped up travel/shipment times

  12. Cornelius Vanderbilt • Railroad Tycoon • Built majority of east coast railroads around NY • Connected his railroads with line to Chicago • Lowered costs, increased efficiency, & sped up travel/shipment times • Grand Central Station • Built in 1913 • Brought together all lines coming to NYC • Vanderbilt University • Donated $1 million to build university • Mascot: The Comodores

  13. Rise of corporations • Railroad building required a great deal of money • Birth of stocks & corporations • Stock: rights of ownership • Corporation: owned by stockholders that share in profit but not personally responsible for debts • Big businesses boomed during this era • Controlled every aspect of their industry • Made profits by reducing prices

  14. John d. Rockefeller • 1865 Rockefeller took control of an oil refinery • Cleveland, Ohio • Oil was used to make kerosene (light source) • 1870- Standard Oil Company • 1st American monopoly- owned every step of process • Bought rival refineries • Controlled 90% of the oil business in the U.S. • Sherman Anti-trust Act • Made monopolies illegal • Standard Oil broken into 30 separate companies • Wealth • @ height he was worth $900,000,000 • Worth $26,000,000 • Gave most of it to charities & colleges (Chicago & Rockefeller University)

  15. Andrew Carnegie • Working background • Worked for $1.20/ week in cotton mill • Worked in railroad industry- saw need for iron bridges • Investment made him wealthier • Carnegie Steel Company-1892 • Based out of Pittsburg • Bought steel companies nation wide • Homestead Labor Strike • Workers went on strike against working conditions • 10 workers were killed- hurt production for next 40 yrs • Sold company to J.P. Morgan • $480 million • Carnegie Hall • NYC Opera House- $1.1 million

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