Chapter 12—Personality Theory

1. Chapter 12—Personality Theory Carl Jung Analytic Psychology

2. Carl Jung—Introduction • Originally trained with Freud • Broke from Freudian analysis • Event  Freud and Jung analyzing each others’ dreams • Freud showed resistance to Jung’s analysis • Freud stopped, saying he would lose authority • Felt Freud overemphasized sexual aspects • Experience with developing sciences of Anthropology and Sociology • Spent time living in different cultures

3. Introduction—Basic Principles (part of his theory) • Principle of opposites: Our personality consists of opposing/competing forces that we strive to balance. • Examples • Conscious versus unconscious • Introversion versus extraversion • Opposition creates energy (concept of energy is similar to Freud’s libido) • Propels movement forward

4. Introduction—Basic Principles • Principle of equivalence: Energy created by opposites is given to both sides equally. • Each pair in opposite has = amts of energy • Increase in one area pulls energy from other area • Too much on one side => • May spur growth • When problem, complex is said to develop

5. Introduction—Basic Principles • Principle of entropy: Tendency for opposites to come together—be less extreme opposites • When younger, degree of opposites tends to be extreme • As one grows, able to tolerate differences/opposites (doesn’t have to be one or the other—can be both) • We strive toward balancing these opposites • Natural tendency for growth • Balance  not free of conflict • Individuation = term used for goal of unity of our personality (unification of opposing forces into whole)

6. Core Concepts—Ego • Ego = conscious mind • Center of consciousness • Characterized by one dominant attitude (introversion/extraversion) • Characterized by two functions: • Thinking or feeling • Sensing or intuiting

7. Core Concepts—Personal Unconscious • Personal unconscious • Similar to Freud’s conception of preconscious and unconscious • Contains memories that can be recalled as well as those that have been repressed • Complex: cluster of emotionally-charged memories that influence behavior • Arise from need to adapt and inability to meet that need/challenge • Develop over time • Examples  mother complex, guilt complex, hero complex • Identified through word association tests

8. Core Concepts—Collective Unconscious • Collective unconscious • Definition—Psychological residue of man’s ancestral past • Reservoir of mankind’s experiences as species • Accumulated memories of mankind’s experiences • Seen in themes and symbols in cultures (why we respond to them): • Parallels in myths, fairy tales, literature, art, etc. • Dreams • Déjà vu experiences • Near death experiences

9. Core Concepts—Collective Unconscious • Collective unconscious (cont’d) • Archetypes: inherited predisposition to experience things in certain ways • More like an emotion • Jung described them as “thought-forms”  implied as much feeling as thought • Unlearned tendencies to experience things • Organizing principle (similar to Freud’s conception of instincts) for our behavior • Collected deposits of mankind’s repeated exp’s with events such as birth, death, mother, father, evil, etc.

10. Core Concepts—Archetypes of Coll. Uncon. • Main archetypes of collective unconscious • Persona: public personality (mask) worn to win society’s approval • Our instinctual knowledge that we have to act certain way in society • Way we present ourselves • The good impression we hope to make • Starts as archetype, but becomes farther removed from collective unconscious • Comprised of attitudes taken from social class, occupation, ethnic heritage, religion, etc. • When people associate entire personality with persona  potential problems

11. Core Concepts—Archetypes of Coll. Uncon. • Shadow • Lower, animal side of our behavior • Represents socially unacceptable beh • Derives from pre-human, animal past—when we were not self-conscious • Dark side  evil we are capable of • Shadow is amoral • Also has positive side  spontaneity, creativity, healthy mistrust, humor • Where do we see shadow? Dreams, fantasies, slips of tongue, jokes, etc. • Symbols  snakes, monsters, demons, etc.

12. Core Concepts—Archetypes of Coll. Uncon. • Anima/Animus • Anima = female archetype in males Animus = male archetype in females • Spirit of opposite sex in us • Trace of mankind’s experience of living with opposite sex • Societal stereotypes and expectations cause us to develop only half of our potential

13. Core Concepts—Archetypes of Coll. Uncon. • Self • Center of psyche • Represents our striving for unity of opposing forces • Most central and influential archetype • Represents transcendence of opposites—all aspects of personality expressed • You are neither and both persona and shadow, neither and both conscious and unconscious  what comes together is self

14. Core Concepts—Archetypes of Coll. Uncon. • Self (cont’d) • Individuation = process by which ind integrates opposing tendencies • Indivisible • Contradictions do not overwhelm • Personified by Jesus Christ and Buddha • Perfection only completed at death • Symbolized in mandala

15. New Topic—Theory of Psychological Type • Introduction • Attempt to explain individual differences • Began with concepts of introversion and extraversion • Added functions (thinking-feeling, sensing-intuiting) later • Represents preferences rather than exclusive talents • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

16. Psychological Type (cont’d) • Attitudes (orientations): our tendency to act in certain; how we orient to the world • Introversion: • Oriented toward inner world (Object  ego) • Prefer inner world of thoughts, feelings, dreams, etc. • Focus on concepts, ideas, internal expressions • More oriented to collective unconscious and archetypes

17. Psychological Type (cont’d) • Attitudes (cont’d) • Extraversion • Oriented to outer world (Ego  object) • Prefer world of things and people • Focus on others and thinks aloud • More oriented toward persona and outer reality

18. Psychological Type (cont’d) • Functions: mental activity • Perceiving: how we gather or take in information • Sensing: • Pay attention to observable facts or events through five senses (seeing, hearing, touching, etc.) • Good at looking and listening • Intuiting: • Focus on meanings, relationships, possibilities • Unconscious sensing—knowing w/o sensing • Unconscious processing

19. Psychological Type (cont’d) • Functions (cont’d) • Judging: how we come to conclusions about what we perceive • Thinking: • Decide impersonally on basis of logical conclusions • Tell what it is • Evaluates information rationally • Feeling: • Decisions based on personal and social values • Tell what it is worth • Evaluates by looking at overall picture

20. Psychological Type (cont’d) • Types (see MBTI and handout) • Each type represents preferences for one over the other • Dominant function => function used most enthusiastically • Development and type • Youth and adolescence • Develop dominant function > • Most natural – feels most comfortable • Midlife • People tend to be motivated toward completion of personality • Begin to add neglected functions