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CHAPTER 15

CHAPTER 15. PERSONALITY long-lasting & distinctive: beh.’s, thoughts, motives & emotions how we react & adapt to people/situations. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory. All behavior is: meaningful, unconscious forces controlled by:

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CHAPTER 15

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  1. CHAPTER 15

  2. PERSONALITY • long-lasting & distinctive: • beh.’s, • thoughts, • motives & emotions • how we react & adapt to people/situations

  3. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory • All behavior is: • meaningful, • unconscious forces • controlled by: • digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality

  4. Freud • Psychoanalysis: method for treating people with emotional problems • Unconscious: • impulses are sexual and aggressive in nature. • cannot accept them in our conscious • thoughts find their expression in dreams/slips of the tongue/free association

  5. The core of one’s personality was set w/in the first 5/6 yrs. oflife

  6. Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious Motivation • influence of repressed thoughts, desires, or impulses on our conscious thoughts & beh.’s • Hidden Desires: “cesspools of hidden desires” • Unresolved Childhood Conflicts: cause fixations in later life. (Stages)

  7. Free Association (“Talking Cure”) • Uncensored talk • provide clues to unconscious mind Discovering the Unconscious

  8. dreams contain • symbols that provide clues to unconscious • thoughts & desires Dream Interpretation

  9. Manifest • Storyline of the dream • Latent • hidden or disguised meanings DREAM CONTENT Freudian Slips • mistakes / “slips of the tongue” • They reflect unconscious thoughts or • wishes (true feelings come out)

  10. Battles of the Mind ID • 1st division of the mind • 2 biological drives: Sex & Aggression • totally unconscious

  11. ID (cont.) • innate & instinctive • Freudian instincts: • EROS- (Life Instinct) • are drives that promote self-preservation. • Thanatos (Death Instinct) • opposes Eros • A desire to give up the struggle of life & embrace death • Thanatos to be just as strong as Eros.

  12. Pleasure Principle • Childish side • ID’s Goals: • satisfy one’s drives • avoid pain • Immediate gratification • no morals • don’t care what society thinks

  13. SUPEREGO • Moralistic Guardian Angel • develops from the EGO during early childhood • Moral part (conscious—Jiminy Cricket) • Goal: keep the ID in check • Causes guilt/pride • If it dominates, you’ll likely be quiet & fearful

  14. EGO:Reality Principle • Develops from the ID during infancy • rational, thoughtful, & realistic part of your personality • Negotiator/Judge: • Between ID & Superego • Goal: • to negotiate between the ID’s wants & the Superego’s inhibitions

  15. Anxiety • uncomfortable feeling • inner conflicts between the desires of the ID & the morals of the Superego

  16. Ego uses when it can’t resolve personality conflicts • Commonly used for psychological well-being • Overuse = not solving one’s problems Defense Mechanisms

  17. Types of Mechanisms: Rationalization(make excuses) • acceptable excuses for beh.’s • explain away a problem • don’t have to accept the blame • EX. Failed a test / worked last night

  18. Denial (to not admit) • refusing to admit there’s a problem • “No problem… Nothing bad has happened” • common 1st response to a tragedy

  19. Repression (to forget) • pushing unacceptable or threatening feelings into the unconscious • Ex. abused children / rape victim

  20. Reaction-Formation • expressing the opposite of what we feel • Ex. Jr. high interactions

  21. “You know what? I’m happy”

  22. Projection (point the finger) • attributing your own inner feelings on someone else • Ex. many people feel that others don’t like them, when in reality they hate themselves Regression (to go backward) • childish beh. / tantrum • senior whining, bedwetting, any Bobby Knight episode

  23. Displacement (redirect anger) • sometimes called ”misplaced aggression” • transferring feelings from their true source to another source • person take out frustration on innocent bystanders • Ex. Man / boss / wife

  24. Sublimation • a type of displacement • redirection of a threatening or forbidden desire • usually sexual/aggressive into a socially acceptable one • Ex. Aggressive people –play football, wrestle, etc…

  25. Psychosexual Stages • 5 developmental periods • marked by potential conflicts between parent & child • conflicts arise as a child seeks pleasure from diff. body areas that are associated w/ sexual feelings • fixation (can occur during any of the 1st 3 stages) • an individual may be locked into a particular psychosexual stage b/c of his/her wishes

  26. 1.) Oral Stage (breast/bottle fed) • infancy to 18 months

  27. infant’s pleasure seeking is centered on the mouth (ex. sucking, chewing, biting, drinking, licking, etc…) • Fixation—at this stage b/c our oral wishes were gratified too much or too little • Adult—gum chewing, smoking, overeating, nail-biting, overly demanding or “mouthing off

  28. 1 ½ - 3 yrs. • infant’s pleasure • seeking is centered • on the anus & its • functions of elimination • Fixation as adults • Retentive (anal): 2.) Anal Stage (Toilet training) • behaviorally rigid • neat, stubborn, or stingy • Hyperorganized • Compulsive

  29. Elimination • being generous, messy, or be- having very loosely or carefree Expulsive • rebellious / destructive

  30. 3.) Phallic Stage • 3 – 6 yrs. • child’s pleasure seeking is centered on the genitals Oedipus Complex • child competes w/ the parents of the same sex for the affections & pleasures of the parents of the opposite sex Problems • Boys—fear of castration • Girls—penis envy (Electra Complex)

  31. 4.) Latency Stage • 6 to puberty • child represses sexual thoughts & engages in non-sexual activities, such as developing social & intellectual skills

  32. 5.) Genital Stage • puberty through adulthood • renewed sexual desires • Dating/seeks marital partner • earlier conflicts reappear

  33. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective Modern Research 1. Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood. 2. Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental influence. 3. Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age. 4. There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish fulfillment. 5. Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices. 6. Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.

  34. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective • The scientific merits of Freud’s theory have been criticized. (repression) • The majority of children, death camp survivors, and battle-scarred veterans are unable to repress painful experiences into their unconscious mind. • Psychoanalysis is meagerly testable.

  35. Assessing Unconscious Processes • Projective Tests: reveal the hidden unconscious mind. • require individuals to look @ some meaningless object or ambiguous photo & describe what they see • People project both their conscious & unconscious feelings, needs, & motives onto the stimulus

  36. Rorschach Inkblot Test The most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

  37. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

  38. Projective Tests: Criticisms • Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to). When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability). 2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).

  39. Neo-Freudians / Psychodynamic Approach • broke away from biological drives & focused on soc. & cultural influences in the unconscious Carl Jung • 1865 – 1961 • a disciple of Freud’s • disagreed w/ Freud’s emphasis on the sex drive

  40. believed the unconscious is a well of mystical & religious beliefs that controls our beh. Archetypes • term for inherited (universal) human concepts (hero, mother, wisemen, God, etc… • Collective Unconscious • the portion of a person that contains ideas (archetypes) shared by the whole human race • consists of ancient memory traces & symbols that are passed on by birth & shared by all people in all cultures

  41. Jung claimed that in the process of trying to become like these mythical people, we hide our real feelings & our real personalities • The fake personality • that we then develop • is called a Persona

  42. Persona • a mask people wear to hide what they really are feeling • Ex. Smiled & been pleasant around someone who is irritating you • George Lucas

  43. GOOD EVIL

  44. Alfred Adler (1870 – 1937) • soc. relationships shape personality • main factors influencing a child’s development were sibling influences & child-rearing practices • biggest problem people face? We want to feel worthwhile & important

  45. Inferiority Complex • avoiding feelings of inadequacy & insignificance • we all have this • Ex. Bullies

  46. Parents • have a chance to raise children to be confident & self-reliant; don’t over-pamper or neglect them Sibling Rivalry • conflict between brothers & sisters • competition Birth Order

  47. Oldest Middle Youngest

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