3D Modelling

1. 3D Modelling Week 2 Software and 3D Modelling

2. Aims of today • Revisit the fundamentals of 3D parametric modelling • Software • Hardware • Modelling concepts • 3D parametric modelling • Primitives • 2D to 3D • Transformations • Aligning • Cloning • Modifying primitives • Boolean 3D Modelling

3. Last week • Introduced the module • Presentation, discuss next week • Portfolio • Introduced parametric modelling • VRML or X3D • 3D space • Coordinates • Axes • Transformations • 3D primitives 3D Modelling

4. 3D space • Rectangular coordinate system • Known as Cartesian coordinates • World or global coordinate system • Each object can have its own local coordinate system • Axes 3D Modelling

5. Primitive parametric modelling • Numerical description of the object • What are the parameters of: • Box(or cuboid)? • Size, 3 dimensions • Cylinder? • Height and radius • Sphere? • Radius 3D Modelling

6. Transformations • Geometric transformation • Mathematical operation • What are the three possible methods of transformation in VRML/X3D? • Position • Rotate • Scale 3D Modelling

7. Perspective transformations • Perspective projection • Happens automatically in virtually all 3D software • A perspective view is created by projecting each point of the object onto a picture plane • Parallel lines converge in the distance • Creates a 2D image on the monitor/paper • Axonometric projection 3D Modelling

8. Navigation transformations • Motions or transformations that place the viewpoint or camera in different parts of the scene • Position • Point of interest • Camera lens 3D Modelling

9. Display in a webpage • A web browser • A free plug-ins • Cosmo VRML • http://ovrt.nist.gov/cosmo/ • Cortona VRML • http://www.parallelgraphics.com/products/cortona/ • Flux VRML and X3D • http://www.mediamachines.com/flux/ • BS Contact VRML and X3D • http://www.bitmanagement.de/ 3D Modelling

10. 3d modelling software • Ranges from the free to the very expensive • Why might it be so expensive? • What might you expect your 3d software to do? 3D Modelling

11. Typical scenario • Your client asked you to make a 3D rendering of the steps involved in the self-assembly of a piece of furniture • What are your software options? • What are the cost implications of the various pieces of software? • What file type would be generated? • What are the hardware implications? 3D Modelling

12. Activity • In pairs • Find 2 examples of free 3d software • Find 3 examples of ‘professional’ 3d software • http://dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Business_to_Business/Computers/Software/Graphics/3D/ • http://www.google.co.uk/ 3D Modelling

13. Activity • Of the professional software options • What is the cost of one licence? • Can you to make an interactive web model? • What is the recommended hardware for this software? 3D Modelling

14. Modeller concepts • Four types of modelling systems: • Parametric • Polygon • Spline • Patch • Many piece of software combine two or more of these basic techniques Giambruno M, (2002) 3D Modelling

15. Parametric modellers • Retain their base geometric information • Default shape • Current size • Segments • This information can be accessed and altered • Can be spline or polygon based • Deformations can be applied 3D Modelling

16. Polygon modellers • Objects constructed with polygons • Made up of tiny, flat surfaces • More polygons mean • More detail • Bigger file sizes • Low polygon • Used in real-time games • Small file sizes • Quick to render 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

17. Spline modellers • A line defined as points, usually curved • Resolution independent • No faces • Useful for creating organic shapes • Different types • B-spline • Bezier • NURBS • Non-uniform rational b-splines 3D Modelling

18. Spline types • B-spline • Bezier • NURBS • Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines • More information at http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~dfg/AndysSplineTutorial 3D Graphics and animation 3D Modelling

19. Patch modellers • Use a network of control points • Lattice of splines or polygons • Stretch or tug on the shape • Useful for organic forms 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

20. Working in the 3D world • Most programs have a common features • Viewports • Mouse-selected features • Use right click for context sensitive menus • Type-in commands and parameters 3D Modelling

21. 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

22. Wireframe modelling • Wireframe modelling requires less computing power than any form of rendering • Default • 3 viewports wireframe • 1 viewport rendered • Will use either OpenGL or DirectX • But not proper rendering with lighting and shadows • Takes even more processing power 3D Modelling

23. 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

24. Different viewports • 3ds max allows lots of different viewport arrangements 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

25. Customisable viewports Top Left or right Perspective Camera Pan Slide around Zoom in or out Zoom all Viewports 3D Modelling

26. Common 3D primitives • Can you name them? • Cone • Sphere • GeoSphere • Teapot • Box • Tube • Cylinder • Taurus 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

27. Activity • Start up 3ds max • Draw a primitive shape • Experiment with panning, zooming • Change the viewpoints • Experiment with ‘right clicking’ 3D Modelling

28. Units and scale • English • Feet an inches • Metric • Meters and centimetres • Generic • Decimal numbers 3D Modelling

29. Activity • Using 3ds max help • Help>User reference • Find out how to alter the units system • Make sure that the software is set to Metres 3D Modelling

30. Self assessment • What are the four types of modelling concepts used by modelling software? • What is the most useful for gaming? • Why is this used for gaming? • Why does it not work well for • Rendered views? • Organic shapes? • Discuss the four methods of converting 2D shapes to 3D • Give an example of each for constructing everyday objects 3D Modelling

31. File formats for modelling • Portable or universal file format • DXF .dxf • Drawing Interchange Format • Widely used in CAD (Computer Aided Design) • OBJ .obj • Computer animation an visual effects • 3ds .3ds • Mesh • Native • May be converted • 3ds max .max 3D Modelling

32. Exporting/importing files • File conversion • 3D Studio (3DS) • Adobe Illustrator (AI) • ASC Scene Export (ASE) • AutoCAD (DWG) • AutoCAD (DXF) • Shockwave 3D • FiLMBOX (FBX) • Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGES) • Lightscape Material (ATR) • Lightscape Blocks (BLK) • Lightscape Parameter (DF) • Lightscape Layers (LAY) • Lightscape View (VW) • Lightscape Preparation File (LP) • Stereolithography (STL) • VRML97 (WRL) 3D Modelling

33. Activity • Import your VRML model from Portfolio 1 3D Modelling

34. Move Numerical Using your mouse Rotate Revolve around a selected axis Pivot point Scale In one direction? Mirror Reverses an object Or Copies a reversed version of it along a selected axis Useful for what? Transforms using software 3D Modelling

35. Transform tips • Work in plan and side view • Use gizmos • Viewport icons that let you quickly choose one or two axes when transforming a selection with the mouse. 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

36. Align • Bring object surfaces flush with each other • Center • Left • Right • Face • Edge • Vertex 3D Modelling

37. Copying and instancing • Copy • Creates a completely separate clone from the original. Modifying one has no effect on the other • Instance • Creates a completely interchangeable clone of the original. Modifying an instanced object is the same as modifying the original • Reference method • Creates a clone dependent on the original up to the point when the object is cloned. Changing parameters for modifiers that were applied to the object before the object was referenced, will change both objects. However, a new modifier can be applied to one of the reference objects, and it will affect only the object to which it is applied. 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

38. Array • Series of clones • Linear • Select object • Define axis • Define distance • Define number • Radial • Select axis • Specify number 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

39. Activity • Today build a table with objects on top • Give every object a name • Experiment with • Align • Scale • Mirror • Copy 3D Modelling

40. Deforms or modifiers • Modifiers provide a way for you to sculpt and edit objects • change the geometry of an object • An unlimited number of modifiers can be applied to an object • Modifiers can be deleted • Modifiers can be copied to other objects • The order or sequence in which you add modifiers is important. • Each modifier affects those that come after it. 3D Modelling

41. Bend Bevel Lathe Edit mesh Patch deformer Surface modifier Optimize Edit spline Taper Smooth Twist Skin modifier Mirror Extrude Refer to 3ds max 7 help Selection of modifiers 3D Modelling

42. Bend modifier • Parameters • Angle • Direction • Axis • Limits 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

43. Taper modifier • Parameters • Amount • Curve • Axis • Limits 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

44. Twist modifier • Parameters • Angle • Bias • Axis • Limits 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

45. Squash modifier • Parameters • Axial bulge • Amount • Curve • Radial squeeze • Amount • Curve • Limits • Effect balance 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

46. Object data flow • The software evaluates changes affecting the object for display • The object data flow is the order in which they are evaluated 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

47. The Modifier Stack • Using the Modifier Stack • Find a particular modifier and adjust its parameters • View and manipulate the sequence of modifiers • Copy, cut, and paste modifiers between objects, or sets of objects • Deactivate the effect of a modifier in the stack, the viewport display, or both • Select a modifier’s components, such as gizmo or centre • Delete modifiers. • 3ds max 7 help 3D Modelling

48. Activity • Add a teapot, a cylinder, a sphere to your table • Bend them • Taper • Twist them • Squash them 3D Modelling

49. 3D Booleans • Powerful sculpting tools • Multiple objects • Usually destructive 3ds max v7 3D Modelling

50. Union Boolean • Union or addition • The intersecting or overlapping portion of the geometry is removed. 3ds max v7 3D Modelling