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2 nd Semester Final Review

2 nd Semester Final Review. Population Calculations. Doubling time 70 / annual rate of increase (%) Population growth rate is the birthrate minus the death rate. CBR = (n/p) x 1000 where n is the number of childbirths in that year, and p is the current population.

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2 nd Semester Final Review

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  1. 2nd Semester Final Review

  2. Population Calculations • Doubling time 70 / annual rate of increase (%) • Population growth rate is the birthrate minus the death rate. • CBR = (n/p) x 1000 where n is the number of childbirths in that year, and p is the current population. • It can be represented by CDR = (n/p) x 1000 where n is the number of deaths in that year, and p is the current population • (CBR – CDR)/10 = NIR (Natural Increase Rate)

  3. Pop. Calculation Practice • Doubling time 70 / annual rate of increase (%) • If the annual rate of increase is 1.5% was is the doubling time? • 47 years • CBR = (n/p) x 1000 where n is the number of childbirths in that year, and p is the current population. • What is the crude birth rate if a population is 250,000 and 1500 babies were born? • 6 (for every 1,000 people there are 6 births)

  4. Population Calculation Practice • (CBR – CDR)/10 = NIR (Natural Increase Rate) • If there is a population of 50,000 and there are 450 births and 325 deaths, what is the NIR for that population? • .25%

  5. Population Pyramids • What is happening to the birth rates and death rates in each country?

  6. Evolution of Populations in Society

  7. Population Growth Curves How many individuals can this environment hold? What are some limiting factors? Name both density dependent and density independent factors. Where is the death rate increasing? Where is the birth rate increasing?

  8. Population Growth Curves

  9. Reproductive Strategies • K strategists • Characteristics: • r strategists • Characteristics:

  10. Survivorship Curve Which line represents r strategist? Which line represents K strategist? Which line represents neither?

  11. Population Sampling The calculation used is called the Lincoln Index. P = N1 x N2 R What do the variables represent?

  12. Air

  13. Anatomy of the Atmosphere

  14. Hadley Cells and Air Movement

  15. Acid Rain • Harmful effects of acid rain include: • Property and structural damage • Leaches aluminum and calcium from the soil into the ground water, lakes and rivers • Tree crown dieback

  16. Primary Air Pollutants • primary air pollutants. • Carbon monoxide (CO) • Volatile organic compounds (hydrocarbons) (VOCs) • Particulate matter • Oxides of sulfur (SOx) where x = 1, or 2 • Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) where x = 1 or 2

  17. Secondary Air Pollutants • Secondary air pollutants form under reaction of primary pollutants and water or sunlight. • Ozone • Photochemical smog (VOCs and Nox) • Sulfuric Acid • Carbonic Acid • Nitric Acid

  18. Global Warming and the Carbon Cycle

  19. Light Absorption and Reflection

  20. Greenhouse Effect

  21. Let’s draw

  22. The Greenhouse Gases

  23. CO2 Concentrations

  24. Pollution Management

  25. vs.

  26. What level of pollution management?

  27. Water

  28. Water Cycle

  29. Water Distribution

  30. Water is Scarce

  31. Water Use Urban domestic water uses

  32. BODs

  33. Resources and Sustainability

  34. What are the inputs and outputs of our Ecospheres?

  35. The 3 Rs • Non Renewable • Renewable • Replenishable

  36. Non-Renewable

  37. Renewable

  38. Replenishable

  39. Natural Capital vs. Natural Income • Natural capital • Natural income from

  40. Sustainability • SY = [total biomass/energy at time t + 1] – [total biomass/energy at time t] • SY = (annual growth and recruitment) – (annual death and emigration) • In its simplest form it is the natural increase in the stock per year. Therefore, it is also the quantity that can be harvested without diminishing the stock.

  41. What is the sustainable yield for the following problem? • 1.8 kg m-2 yr-1

  42. Waste Management

  43. Solid Domestic Waste • What is solid domestic waste? • Solid waste (paper, glass, plastics, metals) • Disease causing agents (bacteria, viruses) • Oxygen demanding waste (BOD) • Water soluble inorganic chemicals (acids, salts, mercury, lead) • Inorganic plant nutrients (nitrates, phosphates) • Organic chemicals (oil, gasoline, cleaning products, pesticides) • Sediments (soil, silt) • Thermal pollution

  44. Ways to Increase the Life of Landfills • Reduse • Reuse • Recycle • Composting

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