2 nd Semester Final Review

1. What do you remember from 2nd Semester of 7th Grade Earth Science? 2nd Semester Final Review 28 May 2013 Take out your study guide and something to write with. Locker Cleanout tomorrow Homework: Online review in Juno Ed Study for Final Next Week Periods 1 & 2 Monday Periods 3 & 4 Tuesday Periods 5 & 6 Wendesday

2. What do you remember from 2nd Semester of 7th Grade Earth Science 2nd Semester Final Review E.8.A.1 Students know seasons are caused by variations in the amounts of the Sun’s energy reaching Earth’s surface due to the planet’s axial tilt. E/S E.8.A.2 Students know how the processes involved in the water cycle affect climatic patterns. E/S E.8.A.3 Students know the properties that make water an essential component of the earth system. E/S E.8.A.4 Students understand the composition of Earth’s atmosphere, emphasizing the role of the atmosphere in Earth’s weather and climate. I/S E.8.A.5 Students know the difference between local weather and regional climate. I/S E.8.B.1 Students know the universe contains many billions of galaxies, and each galaxy contains many billions of stars. W/L E.8.B.2 Students know the solar system includes a great variety of planetary moons, asteroids, and comets. I/S E.8.B.3 Students know characteristics of the planets in our solar system. I/S E.8.B.4 Students know Earth is part of a solar system located within the Milky Way Galaxy. E/S E.8.B.5 Students know the Sun is many thousands of times closer to Earth than any other star, and billions of times closer than the far end of the Milky Way Galaxy. W/L E.8.B.6 Students know the Sun is a medium-sized star located in the Milky Way Galaxy, part of which can be seen as a glowing band of light spanning the clear night sky. W/S E.8.B.7 Students know regular and predictable motions of Earth around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth explain such phenomena as the day, the year, phases of the Moon, and eclipses. E/S

3. GEOLOGIC TIME and the FOSSIL RECORD Geological time scale • __________________is the record of life forms and geological events in earths past. • The Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic are divisions in the Geological Time Scale called______. • The geological time we live in is the____________Era. • The Nevada state fossil the _______________tells us that Nevada was once covered by ocean water. era Cenozoic Ichthyosaurs

4. Superposition • According to the Law of _________________the layers of sediment are laid down horizontally and the layer of Rock on the __________is the oldest layer and the layer on ______ is the youngest layer. • According to the diagram of rock layers to the right ___________are found in the oldest layer of rock and mammals are found in the ___________ layer. bottom top Trilobites youngest

5. unconformity • An ____________________is a gap in time between rock layers usually created by a weathering and erosion that happened after the layer underneath and before the one above was formed. • In the diagram below the layers marked by letters _________________have been tilted by faulting and the intrusion of igneous rock through those layers is marked by letter ______. L,M,N,O, & Q P

6. Soil • _____________ is the breaking down of rock into smaller pieces. • ___________ is the transportation and movement of sediments. • __________ fans are a common landform in Nevada as they are a primary result of flash flooding, or water erosion in the mountains. Weathering Erosion • Soil is composed of _______________, organic material, air, and water. • Humus is the decaying ___________material in the soil. Alluvial weathered rock organic

7. Soil permeability • The particle size of the soil will determine the _______________ of the soil and how fast water _______________the particles. • Texture is determined by the _______________. • You would typically find ________, silt, and _________, sized particles in well developed soil. infiltrate particle size sand clay Virtual soil permeability

8. Soil Orovada • Our State Soil is ________ soil which is a light brownish gray sandy loam soil that covers more than 360,000 acres of mostly Northern Nevada. • Desert’s soils ________________ less plant life because it has less water. support

9. Horizon _____- top soil Horizon _____- weathered rock particles Horizon _____- sub soil Horizon_____- organic layer A C B O

10. Soil Particle Size

11. Permeability & Porosity • Which particle size has the fastest permeability? ____________ • Which particle size had the highest porosity? _________ • Which particle size has the largest holding capacity? __________ • Which particle size has the slowest permeability? _______ sand sand clay clay

12. Hydrology (Water) 97% • ¾ of the earth is covered by water ________ of it is salt water, 3% of it is fresh water, however ________________ is available for human consumption. • The amount of water on earth is fairly _____________. • A molecule of water is made up of 2 atoms of _____________ and 1 atom of __________ and is the only substances that exist naturally in all 3 states of matter. • ________________________is the water that fills cracks and spaces in the soil and permeable rock layers. less than 1% consistent hydrogen oxygen Groundwater

13. Hydrology (Water) • Tell the phase change for each of the following Evaporation liquid to ___ energy is gained ____________ gas to liquid energy is lost Freezing liquid to solid energy is ______ Sublimation solid to ____ energy is gained Melting solid toliquid energy is _______ gas condensation lost gas gained

14. A • Put the following letter in the correct box on the diagram of the water cycle. • Condensation (formation of clouds as water vapor changes to a liquid & sometimes ice crystals in the atmosphere) • Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail) • Runoff (water running across the ground) • Infiltration (water soaking into soil & rock layers) • Evaporation (water changing to water vapor in the atmosphere) • Transpiration (water with in plants changing to water vapor in the atmosphere) • Groundwater (water stored in the ground) F B C E D G

15. 0 100 polar • Water freezes at _______degrees Celsius and boils at a ______degrees Celsius. • Water is a ___________ molecule is the attraction of the charged molecules allowing the molecule to stick together. • The property of water that allows insects to walk on water is __________ tension. surface • _____________action is the property of water that allows water to climb up a paper towel. • Water takes a long time to heat up and cool down because water has a high ____________ heat. • Water is considered to be a __________solvent because several substances are able to be dissolved in water to form a solution. Capillary specific universal

16. Colorado • Lake Mead belongs to the_______________Watershed which is system of water ways draining to the Colorado River and drained into an delta at the end of the river. • However, most of Nevada • belongs to the _____________ • watershed which is a closed • watershed meaning it does not • drain into the ocean. Great Basin

17. Atmosphere Troposphere increase • Name the four main layers of the atmosphere in order from the earth’s surface and if the temperature increases or decreases as you travel up in that layer _____________ temperature decrease Stratosphere temperature_____________ ______________ temperature decrease Thermosphere temperature ____________ • The Atmosphere is a mixture of gases surrounding the earth madup up of 78%_______________and 21% _________. • The _______________ is the layer in which weather occurs in and we live in. • The _______layer is a sub layer located in the stratosphere that protects us from ultraviolet light. Its molecule is made up of 3 atoms of __________. • The ____ is the mains source of energy that heats the earth’s atmosphere driving the water cycle and forming weather. Mesosphere increase nitrogen oxygen Troposphere ozone oxygen Sun

18. radiation conduction • There are 3ways that heat can be transfer. The 3 ways are ________________the transfer of heat though electromagnetic waves, ___________________ the transfer of heat through direct contact, and ___________________ the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid. convection • As solar rays travel through the earth’s atmosphere some are ________________ other are reflected back up into space and about half are ________________ by the earth’s surface. scattered absorbed

19. warmer Sun • Earth’s tropical regions are __________________ than the polar region because it receives more direct solar rays from the__________ and therefore more of the energy. • Water vapor (H2O) plays a major role in the _____________effect, which is the process by which gases holds heat in the atmosphere. Some of the other gases are _______________ (CO2), Methane (CH4), ________ (O3), & Nitrous Oxide (N2O). Greenhouse carbon dioxide ozone

20. Weather & Climate Climate • ____________ is the average of weather over a long period of time. • The five factors that affect climate are _____________, _________, _____________, major _____________, and large bodies of ________. topography latitude altitude winds water • A _______________is an area of dry land (low precipitation) that lies on the leeward (downwind) side of a mountain. rain shadow

21. Earth’s _______________ are a result of the Coriolis effect from the rotation of the earth and the uneven heating of the atmosphere. • Weather patterns generally travel from ______to east _______the United States. global winds • A _____________ is used to measure air pressure, which is the amount of ________ in the atmosphere pushing down on the earth’s surface. west across barometer air

22. _________________ (mT) is a warm humid air mass that formed over the ocean, ________________ (mP) is a cool humid air mass that formed over the ocean. ____________________ (cT) is warm dry air mass formed over land. _______________ (cP) is a cool dry air mass formed over the land. Maritime Tropical Maritime Polar Continental Tropical Continental Polar

23. Lightning forms in _____________ clouds as positive and negative charges connect. • Here in Las Vegas are weather is mostly created by a high pressure system with ________ clouds. • A ____________is a boundary between 2 air masses. • Draw the warm front symbol. ___________________________ • Draw the cold front symbol. _____________________________ cumulonimbus cirrus front

24. A phsychrometer is used to measure _____________________. • What is the Dry bulb reading? ______ • What is the Web bulb reading? ______ relative humidity 20oC 15oC • What is the difference between wet & dry bulb readings? ______ • Using the table to the right what is the relative humidity? _____________ • If the relative humidity was 57oC and the wet bulb 8oC what would the dry bulb temperature be? _______ 5oC 58oC 12oC

25. 45 • Temperature________ • Barometric Pressure_______ • Dew point_________ • Current weather_________ • Wind directions_________ • Wind Speed _________ • Cloud cover _________ 045 29 rain southeast 15 knots 100% overcast

26. Astronomy Big Bang • The Theory of the ____________ says that all the matter in the universe came together and started as one large explosion starting the formation of the universe and will continue to expand forever. • The ________________________ is all the types of electromagnet waves, ________ waves are the long waves and ____________waves are the shortest waves in the spectrum. electromagnetic spectrum radio gamma

27. Sun solar system • The earth revolves around the ________. • Our ______________ is located on one of the outer arms of the spiral galaxy called the____________, which is comprised of billions of stars. • The 8 main planets in order starting from the sun are _________________________________________________. • Pluto’s orbit is so _______________ that it crosses Neptune’s orbit every 248 years. • Our solar system is referred to as _____________ meaning the earth revolves around the sun. • ________________forces keep the planets orbiting the Sun. Milky Way Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune elliptical heliocentric Gravitational

28. Label & Shade the phases of the moon • New moon • Waxing Crescent • 1st quarter moon • Waxing Gibbous • Full Moon • Waning Gibbous • 3rd Quarter Moon • Waning Crescent

29. solar • For a total _______ eclipse to occur the moon must be directly between the sun and the earth and you must be in the moon’s shadow called the ___________. • For a _______ eclipse to occur the moon must be in full moon position. solar umbra lunar

30. Corona sunspot • Label the Sun • Corona • Chromosphere • photosphere • Sunspot • Prominence • core chromosphere • The Sun’s _______________and _________________are visible during a total solar eclipse. • The dark spots on the Sun are called _________________. • The arcs of energy that form on the Sun’s surface are called ____________________. • The bust of energy from the sun is called a solar ___________. • The sun’s energy is produced by __________________. prominence photosphere core corona chromosphere sunspots prominence flare nuclear fusion

31. A _____________ is the distance light travels in a year. • Stars are classified by _____________, _____, and ___________. light year temperature size brightness

32. The life cycle of a low mass star is nebula collapse to form a Protostar, then becomes stable _______________ star, when it starts to die it grows and changes into a ______________, as it continues to die it changes to a ___________________ . • The life cycle of a large mass star is similar to a low mass except for when it starts to die it grow and changes into a super red giant, then forms an explosion called a _____________, and then becomes a ________________ or a __________________. main sequence Red Giant White Dwarf supernova Neutron star Black Hole

33. Nature of Science goggles • You should always wear _____________ to protect your eyes when conducting an experiment in the lab. • The most important rule to follow in a lab is the teacher’s _____________. • You should wear _____________shoes to protect your feet. • When collecting evidence about an experiment it is important to make _____________ by using one or more of your sense. • When conducting an experiment you should organize the evidence of the information about the experiment into a _____________, _____________, or _____________by classifying the information. • The facts or the _____________in an experiment help you to make _____________about your hypothesis in order to draw a conclusion. instructions closed-toe observations graphs tables charts evidence inferences

34. The _____________ variable is the variable you purposely manipulate (change). The _____________variable is the variable that is being observed, which changes in response to the independent variable. The variables that are not changed are called _____________variables independent dependent • Theories might change over time because scientists discover new _____________. • For an experiment to be considered valid it must be able to be ___________ with similar results. control evidence reproducible

35. Fill out the prefixes for the metric conversations chart. Kilo Hecto deka deci centi milli

36. mass 135.24 g • The formula for density is _________ divided by volume. • The density of gold is 19.32g/ml if I had a 7 ml gold nugget what would its mass be? ____________ • What are the readings on the graduated cylinders below? Make sure the put the correct units with them. 4 ml 48 ml 16 ml 82 ml

37.   What are the readings on the triple beam balances below? Make sure the put the correct units with them. 452.75 g 106.85 g