The Progressive Movement 1890-1920

1. The Progressive Movement1890-1920 Section 1: The Roots of Progressivism Section 2: Roosevelt and Taft Section 3: The Wilson Years

2. Chapter 8 Sect. 1The Roots of Progressivism 1. Progressivism was a series of responses to problems in American society that had emerged from the growth of industry. • Progressives believed that an unregulated market (laissez-faire), urbanization, and political corruption led to America’s social problems.

3. The Roots of Progressivism • A group of free thinking journalist known as muckrakers were among the first citizens to bring this movement to the masses. • Jacob Riis, a photojournalist, used his book How the Other Half Lives to speak for immigrants

4. Reforming Government • Reformers believed that improvements had to be made in the government first. - Business ideas were incorporated into the government to improve efficiency.

5. Reforming Government 2. Reforms that were established to make the political system more democratic included: Initiative- citizens can introduce legislation Referendum-citizens can vote on laws directly without legislature Recall-demand election to remove official before term ends

6. Reforming Government • Secret Ballot- people would now vote in a private booth instead of announcing their votes. 3. New types of municipal Gov. were also set up: - Mayor-Council Form - Commission Form -Council- Manager form

7. Reforming Government 4. Civil service reforms such as the Pendleton Act were established in order to make obtaining jobs more fair. 5. The 17th Amendment was also passed which established a direct election of senators by voters, instead of by legislatures. 6. Primary elections were adopted so voters could vote for which candidate would go on to the general election. These are held every 4 years.

8. Suffrage 1. Debate over how to achieve the right to vote separated suffragist into two groups. • The National Woman Suffrage Association wanted a constitutional change. • The American Woman Suffrage Association wanted state government approval to achieve the right to vote. • Two would unite to form (NAWSA) to obtain more influence

9. Suffrage • On August 26, 1920 after 3/4 of the states had ratified it, the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

10. Reforming Society • Child labor prompted John Spargo’s1906 book , The Bitter Cry of the Children. • The book reported crippling back and hand injuries , as well as a 10 hour work day.

11. Reforming Society • Reports of these harsh conditions forced states to set a minimum wage and a maximum set of hours a child could work. • Additional reforms included worker’s compensation, zoning laws, building/health codes, government regulated business

12. Reforming Society • The Temperance Movement was sparked by the idea to reduce the use of alcohol. • Eventually, women’s groups and ministers demanded prohibition, laws denying alcohol to be made, sold, or consumed. • 18th Amendment in 1920 will outlaw alcohol • It will be repealed in 1933 with the 21st Amendment

13. Roosevelt: Section 2 1. Roosevelt’s reform plan became known as the Square Deal. 2. Roosevelt believed that trust and large business had made the U.S. wealthy but wanted to make sure big business did not abuse it’s power.

14. Roosevelt : Section 2 3. Roosevelt’s 1st target was J.P. Morgan’s RR holding company which Roosevelt said went against the Sherman Anti Trust Act. - 1904 supreme court ruled in the court case Northern Securities v. United states that indeed the company was a monopoly and was broken up.

15. Roosevelt : Section 2 4. 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to create the Department of Commerce and Labor to investigate corporations and publicize the results. - 1906 congress passed the Hepburn Act to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) so they could regulate the RR rates.

16. Consumer Protection: Section 2 • Helping with consumer protection, in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The Jungle, resulting in the passing of the: • Meat Inspection Act in 1906 – requiring federal inspection of meat and standards of cleanliness in meat packing plants be set.

17. Consumer Protection: Section 2 • Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906- prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs.

18. Conservation: Section 2 1. Roosevelt was best known for being an environmental conservationist. His goal was to save the nations' forest and manage the West’s timber resources. • By the end of his term Roosevelt added over 100 million acres to our national forests, five national parks, and 51 federal wildlife reservations.

19. Conservation: Section 2 2. 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act, allowing federal funds from public land sales to pay for land development projects. - 1905 the U.S. Forest Service was established - 1916 National Parks service was established

20. Taft: Section 2 • William Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt for president in 1908. 2. Beginning an unpopular term of reforms Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff - barely cut some tariffs and raised some.

21. Taft: Section 2 3. Taft replaced Roosevelt's secretary of the interior with Richard A. Ballinger. 4. Taft fired Gifford Pinchot for insubordination when leaked to news papers that Ballinger had once tried to sell public lands in Alaska for personal gain.

22. Taft’s Achievements: Section 2 1. Even though Taft had upset his political party and many American citizens during his term he did establish the: Children’s Bureau- established in 1902 to publicize the problems of child labor. Bureau of Mines- established in 1910 to monitor activities of mining companies.

23. Election of 1912: Section 3 1. Theodore Roosevelt left the Republican Party and became a candidate for the Progressive Party. 2. Conservative Republicans supported Taft. 3. Democrats supported Wilson. 4. Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican Voters, which enabled Wilson to win.

24. Wilson’s Reform • The first bill Wilson had passed was the Underwood Tariff which reduced the average tariff on imported goods. - It also provided for levying an income tax, or a direct tax on the earning of individuals (16th Amendment).

25. Wilson’s Reform 2. Next he supported the Federal Reserve Act, this allowed the national supervision of the banking system. - they also control the interest rates & amount of money in circulation.

26. Wilson’s Reform • 3. 1914 he requested congress to create the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to monitor American Business. • If the commission believed a business was practicing unfair trade practices they could order a “cease and desist”.

27. Wilson’s Reform 4. 1914 Congress Passed the Clayton Antitrust Act- outlawing certain practices that restricted to competition (Pg311).

28. Wilson’s Reform 5. 1916 he passed the first law regulating child labor. - The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act prohibited the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories. - 1918 the law was declared unconstitutional.

29. Progressives 1. By the end of the progressivism Era, Americans expected the government to play a more active role in regulating the economy and solving social problems. 2. The progressives did not address racial and religious discrimination. 3. 1905 W.E.B Du Bois and 28 other African Americans met to discuss the full rights of African Americans. This helped to form the NAACP.