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N A P O L E O N

N A P O L E O N. AN OVERVIEW. E U R O P E 1 8 0 0. Sea Power. 1805:. France .  Britain. Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!). NAPOLEON’S MILITARY CAMPAIGNS. Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns. GOAL: CONQUEST OF ALL OF EUROPE. BRIEF OUTLINE

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N A P O L E O N

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  1. N A P O L E O N AN OVERVIEW

  2. E U R O P E 1 8 0 0

  3. SeaPower 1805: France   Britain Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!) NAPOLEON’S MILITARY CAMPAIGNS Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns GOAL: CONQUEST OF ALL OF EUROPE

  4. BRIEF OUTLINE 1799: DEFEAT OF THE 2ND COALITION (ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, NAPLES, PORTUGAL, OTTOMAN EMPIRE) OVER EGYPT 1800: ITALIAN CAMPAIGN: VERSUS AUSTRIA; RECOGNITION OF RHINELAND, CISALPINE REPUBLIC, ETC. 1802: PEACE OF AMIENS – BRITAIN TO GIVE UP MALTA, SOME WEST INDIES, RETURN EGYPT TO SULTAN; FRANCE STILL MEDDLING IN ITALIAN AFFAIRS; MADE PEACE WITH AUSTRIA 1803: ENGLAND STEPS UP; NOT WILLING TO LET FRANCE CONTROL THE CONTINENT, WAR BEGINS 1805: 3RD COALITION: BRITAIN, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA – BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR IS HUGE VICTORY: FRANCE AND SPAIN DEFEATED BY BRITAIN

  5. “Crossing the Alps,” 1805

  6. Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns -Danube-Italy 1805: France   Britain Austria Russia(3rd Coalition) AUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia. Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805 SIGNIFICANCE: CONTINENTAL CONTROL

  7. British Cartoon “Continental System” (1806-1812)

  8. Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns Poland 1806: France   Russia Napoleon becomes Grand Duchy of Warsaw France defeated Russian troops France occupies capital of East Prussia!

  9. “Napoléon on His Imperial Throne” 1806 By Jean AugusteDominique Ingres

  10. Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807) With the permission of my august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.

  11. Napoléon’s Divorce Statement (1807) Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.

  12. Marie Louise(of Austria)married Napoléon on March 12, 1810 in Vienna

  13. Marie Louise(of Austria)withNapoléon’s Son (Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles: 1811-1832)

  14. Peninsular Campaign: 1807-1810 ContinentalSystem 1806: France   Spain Portugal • Portugal did not comply with the Continental System. • France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. • Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!

  15. The Surrender of MadridMay, 1809

  16. “Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810) Many innocent citizens shot by Napoleon’s troops May have been made from sketches drawn by witnesses The depiction of evil Mangled bodies show courage of the other victims who know they will join them

  17. “Napoléon in HisStudy” 1812 by David

  18. Napoléon’s Family Rules! • Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia. • Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain • Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland • Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy • Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome • Elisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany • Caroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

  19. Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812 614,000 French troops

  20. Napoléon & His Grand Arméeat the Gates of Moscow

  21. Napoléon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

  22. The 6th Coalition Napoléon’sDefeat 1813-1814: France  • Britain, Russia.Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states

  23. Napoléon’s Defeat in Spain British had organized and came to assist the Spanish France had occupied Spain since 1805 The Duke of Wellington defeats Napoleon in 1812 – his brother, Joseph, is deposed yet Spain also instituted freedom of expression, abolished feudalism and made a constitution

  24. Napoléon Abdicates! • Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. • Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favour of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. • Napoléon abdicated again on April 11. • Treaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. • The royalists took control and restoredLouis XVIII to the throne. [Key: France escapes severe punishments]

  25. Napoléon in Exile on Elba

  26. Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

  27. “The War of the 7th Coalition” Napoleon’s“100 Days” France  1815:  Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states • Napoléon escaped from Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days

  28. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815) • Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: • Reduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. • Restoreas many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. • Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

  29. Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Mauricede Tallyrand (Fr.)

  30. Key Principles Established at Vienna • Balance of Power • Legitimacy • Compensation • Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. • France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

  31. Napoléon’s Defeat at Waterloo(June 18, 1815) Duke of Wellington Prus. General Blücher

  32. Napoléon on His Way to HisFinal Exile onSt. Helena

  33. Changes Made at Vienna • France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon. • Russia was given most of Poland • A Germanic Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule. • Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy. • Europe wanted a buffer zone so Holland and Belgium taken out of the Netherlands

  34. Changes Made at Vienna • The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed • Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia • The slave trade was condemned (at British urging) • Relative peace established until 1914

  35. Napoléon’s Tomb

  36. What is Napoléon’s Legacy?

  37. THE BLACK NAPOLEON:TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE WHAT ARE THE COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION? HOW DID THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AFFECT THE NEW WORLD?

  38. SUGAR AND SLAVE COLONY 465 000 SLAVES; 30 000 WHITES, 28 000 FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR AND MULATTOS GOVERNMENT OF SAINT DOMINGUE DOMINATED BY THE FRENCH (WEALTHY WHITES) REFUSED TO GIVE REPRESENTATION TO ALL CITIZENS MEANWHILE…FRANCE PROHIBITS THE ISLAND FROM TRADING WITH ANY PARTNER SAINT DOMINGUE

  39. SOCIAL DIVISIONS WHITES • DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS – SOME LOYAL TO FRANCE (PETITS BLANCS), OTHERS DISENCHANTED (THE PLANTERS) • PLANTERS MAD BECAUSE FRANCE HAD ABOLISHED SLAVERY YET THEY DEPENDED ON SLAVES – LEANING TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE • PETITS BLANCS NOT AS WEALTHY BUT STILL COMMITTED TO SLAVERY

  40. THE FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR • OWNED PLANTATIONS AND SLAVES • DID NOT HAVE RIGHTS • LEANED TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE

  41. SLAVES • OUTNUMBERED THE WHITES/FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR 10 TO 1 • NEVER FULLY QUIT FIGHTING • ORGANIZED REVOLT LED BY TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE INFLUENCED BY THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN

  42. INDEPENDENCE DAY (01/01/1804)FIRST BLACK REPUBLIC • REVOLT LASTED 13 YEARS • PERMANENT ABOLITION OF SLAVERY • COUNTRY IN RUINS • SKEPTICAL WESTERN WORLD • SLAVES INFLUENCED BY FRENCH IDEALS • OLD RICHES DEPENDED ON OLD SYSTEM • WHAT TO DO?

  43. NAPOLEON’S REACTION • INVASION OF HISPANIOLA • L’OUVERTURE GOVERNOR FOR LIFE • FRENCH ARMY INVADES • SURRENDER AND RETURN TO SLAVERY (1804) • CREOLIZATION IN EFFECT

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