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Language of Anatomy

Language of Anatomy. Anatomists have a set of reference terms that are universally understood. Allows body structures to be located & identified with minimum words and great clarity . Anotomical Position.

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Language of Anatomy

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  1. Language of Anatomy • Anatomists have a set of reference terms that are universally understood. • Allows body structures to be located & identified with minimum words and great clarity.

  2. Anotomical Position • Anatomists/doctors use a universally accepted position, the anatomical position when referring to the body. • standing erect, facing forward, arms down at the side, with the palms turned forward

  3. Surface Anatomy (External Landmarks) • Body surfaces have many visible landmarks. (35 from lab) • Anterior (front) landmarks • Posterior (back) landmarks • Two division • Axial – head, neck and trunk • Appendicular – limbs and attachment to axis

  4. Body Orientation & Direction(Terms have different meaning for quadrupeds and bipeds) • Superior/Inferior • Above/below • Ex: Standing on your head, your head is _______ to your neck. • Inferior • Anterior/Posterior • Front/back • Ex: Your chest is _________ to your shoulder blades. • Anterior

  5. Body Orientation & Direction • Medial/Lateral • Toward midline/away from midline • Ex: The cheeks are ________ to the tongue. • Lateral • Dorsal/Ventral • Backside/belly side • Ex: Your naval is on the _________ side of the body. • Ventral

  6. Body Orientation & Direction • Superficial (external)/Deep (internal) • Toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface • Ex: The skin is ____________ to the skeletal muscles. • Superficial • Cephalad(cranial)/Caudal • Toward head/toward the tail or feet • Humans: interchangeable with superior and inferior • Quadrupeds: interchangeable with anterior and posterior

  7. Body Orientation & Direction • Proximal/Distal • Nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment, can also be used to indicate regions (closer to or farther from the head) of internal tubular organs. • Ex: The knee is ________ to the toes. • Proximal • Ex: The small intestines is ________ to the large intestines.

  8. Biped Directional Terms Cephalad (cranial) caudal

  9. Quadruped Directions

  10. Body Planes & Sections • To make observations of internal structures during dissection, it is necessary to make sections or cuts. • Sections/cuts are made through the body wall or through an organ along an imaginary surface or line called a plane.

  11. Body Planes & Sections • Sagittal(longitudinal) plane • divides a body or organ vertically into right and left parts. • Median/midsagittal plane • The right and left parts are equal • Parasagittal Plane • The right and left parts are unequal

  12. Body Planes & Sections • Frontal (coronal) plane • divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.

  13. Body Planes & Sections • Transverse (cross section) plane • divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts.

  14. Body Planes

  15. Quadruped Planes & Sections (Different From Bipeds) At the left, from top to bottom, observe a sagittal section, a transverse section, and a dorsal plane section through a dog head. A sagittal section divides the cadaver into right & left parts. A transverse section divides the cadaver into cranial (rostral) & caudal parts. A dorsal plane (frontal plane) section is cut parallel to the back, dividing the cadaver into top (dorsal) & bottom (ventral) parts.

  16. Body Cavities • Axial portion of body • two large cavities, protects organs. • Dorsal Body Cavity • Cranial cavity – brain • Vertebral (spinal) cavity – spinal cord • Ventral Body Cavity • Thoracic cavity (superior the diaphragm) – heart, lungs • Abdominopelvic cavity (inferior the diaphragm) – • Abdominal cavity - stomach, intestines, liver • Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

  17. Body Cavities

  18. Reference • Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual • http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/What-Is-Anatomy-and-Physiology-.topicArticleId-277792,articleId-277504.html • http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/planar/

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