Basic Structure of a Cell

1. Basic Structure of a Cell

2. Review Facts About Living Things

3. What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? Made of CELLS Require ENERGY (food) REPRODUCE (species) Maintain HOMEOSTASIS ORGANIZED RESPOND to environment GROW and DEVELOP EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases)

4. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Nonliving Levels: ATOM (element) MOLECULE (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins) ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …)

5. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels: CELL (makes up ALL organisms) TISSUE (cells working together ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …) ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …) ORGANISM

6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels continued: POPULATION (one species in an area) COMMUNITY (several populations in an area ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …) BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…) BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving things on Earth)

7. History of Cells & the Cell Theory Cell Specialization

8. CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)

9. Exceptions to the cell theory- • Viruses: they are able to reproduce only within a living cell. • 2. Slime mold.

10. 3.Mitochondria and Chloroplasts • A) each contain their own genetic information different than that in the nucleus. • Mitochondrial DNA is called mDNA. • B) are able to reproduce by themselves video

11. Cell Types Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope Three Basic types of cells include: Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell

12. Multicellular Organisms Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)

13. Cell Specialization Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off This is known as DIFFERENTIATION

14. Specialized Cells Red blood cells Xylem cells Cheek cells Pollen

15. Nonliving Levels ATOMS  MOLECULES  ORGANELLES

16. Living Levels  TISSUES – Similar cells working together CELLS – life starts here 

17. More Living Levels ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANS ORGANISM   Different tissuesworking together Different organsworking together

18. Living vs. Non-living • Biotic Factor- Biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem… Living • Abiotic Factor- Physical, or non-living, factor that shapes an ecosystem. Example: Water

19. Prokaryotes – The first Cells Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Includes bacteria Simplest type of cell Single, circular chromosome video

20. Prokaryotes Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall Contain ribosomes in their cytoplasm to make proteins

21. Eukaryotes Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals More complex type of cells

22. Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles Video

23. Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell

24. Organelles Very small (Microscopic) Perform various functions for a cell Found in the cytoplasm May or may not be membrane-bound http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/cells-videos-playlist.htm#video-28732

25. Animal Cell Organelles Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Ribosome (free) Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus

26. Plant Cell Organelles

27. Cell or Plasma Membrane Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins Surrounds outside of ALL cells Controls what enters or leaves the cell Living layer Outside of cell Carbohydrate chains Proteins Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer

28. The Cell Membrane is Fluid Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

29. Cell Membrane in Plants Cell membrane • Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells • Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape

30. Cell Wall Cell wall • Nonliving layer • Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria • Made of cellulosein plants • Supportsandprotectscell • Foundoutside of the cell membrane

31. Cytoplasm of a Cell • Jelly-like membrane • Provides a medium forchemical reactionsto take place • Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs • Found in ALL cells cytoplasm

32. The Control Organelle - Nucleus • Controls the normal activities of the cell • Contains the DNA in chromosomes • Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores • Usually the largest organelle

33. More on the Nucleus Nucleus • Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes • Genes control cell characteristics

34. Inside the Nucleus - The genetic material (DNA) is found DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells DNA is spread out And appears as CHROMATINin non-dividing cells

35. What Does DNA do? DNA is the hereditary material of the cell Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins

36. Cytoskeleton Helps cell maintain cell shape Also help move organelles around Made of proteins Microfilaments are threadlike & made of ACTIN Microtubules are tube-like & made of TUBULIN MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS

37. Centrioles Found only in animal cells Paired structures near nucleus Made of bundle of microtubules Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell

38. Mitochondrion(plural = mitochondria) “Powerhouse” of the cell Generate cellular energy (ATP) More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)

39. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions) Interior called MATRIX

40. Interesting Fact --- Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization Therefore … You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

41. Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion( mitochondria ) • Rod shape

42. What do mitochondria do? “Power plant” of the cell Burns glucose to release energy (ATP) Stores energy as ATP

43. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

44. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Has ribosomes on its surface Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell

45. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported

46. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ERlacks ribosomes on its surface Is attached to the ends of rough ER Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell

47. Functions of the Smooth ER Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

48. Ribosomes Made of PROTEINS and rRNA “Protein factories” for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Process called protein synthesis 

49. Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm

50. Golgi Bodies Look like a stack of pancakes Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell