1 / 93

Chapter 2 Biochemistry

Chapter 2 Biochemistry. The Chemistry of Life. pH. Measure of acidity (acid) or alkalinity (basic) Scale 0-14 Acid– b/w 1-6.9 Ex: stomach acid, urine, lemon juice Base– b/w 7.1-14 “alkaline” refers to a base Ex: intestinal fluid, blood Neutral - 7 Look at pH scale pg.44. Dissociation.

cathleen-lang
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 2 Biochemistry

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 2Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life

  2. pH • Measure of acidity (acid) or alkalinity (basic) • Scale • 0-14 • Acid– b/w 1-6.9 • Ex: stomach acid, urine, lemon juice • Base– b/w 7.1-14 • “alkaline” refers to a base • Ex: intestinal fluid, blood • Neutral - 7 • Look at pH scale pg.44

  3. Dissociation • The process by which compounds break apart when they are “dissolved” in water

  4. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT NEUTRALIZE SMALL AMOUNTS OF EITHER ACIDS OR BASES Buffers

  5. Buffers Cont- • Needed to maintain a pH of 7 (neutral) • What characteristic of life would maintaining this balance be? _________________ • ***Basic or acidic solutions denature proteins (changes their shape) -- make it where they can’t work****

  6. OCCURS WHEN AN ACID IS COMBINED TO THE SAME AMOUNT OF A BASE • RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SALT + WATER Neutralization ********************************************

  7. Atoms and Their Interactions

  8. Elements Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances Found on the periodic table

  9. Elements • 25 are essential to living organisms • C, H, O, N • 90% of human mass • Remember “CHNOPS”

  10. the smallest particles of an element that has the characterisitics of that element atom

  11. Living organisms • Made of atoms– found inside cells • Protons • Electrons • Neutrons • Put 2 or more atoms together you get elements • 109 elements total • Ex: O2, O3 • 2 or more elements together you get a compound • Ex: H2O, C6H12O6 • ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

  12. QSR #4 • 1. Give the symbols for the following elements: • Carbon____ • Hydrogen____ • Sulfur____ • Nitrogen____ • Phosphorus____ • 2. What is the chemical formula for water?____ Carbon dioxide?______ oxygen?_______ Carbon monoxide?______ glucose?_______

  13. All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are referred to as Metabolism

  14. Chemical equations • Reactants • Products • Subscripts • Ex: Photosynthesis and respiration equations • Write in your notes and memorize!!!

  15. solution Solvent – present in the greatest amount, and dissolves other substances Solute – dissolves in the solvent Ex: Kool-aid? Ex: atmosphere?

  16. Solutions cont- • THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT CONCENTRATION (The higher the solute the higher the concentration) Ex: urine, salt water, orange juice

  17. The opposite of very concentrated – higher solvent concentration diluted

  18. A SOLUTION IN WHICH NO MORE SOLUTES CAN DISSOLVE Saturated Solution +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

  19. Carbon Compounds • Organic Molecules– molecules that contain mostly Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) • 3 Structures of Carbon: • Straight chains • Branched chains • Rings

  20. Straight Chain • H  H  H  H  H  H  H      | | | | | | | H -C- C- C-C- C- C- C - H | | | | | | | H H H H H H H • Carbon needs 4 bonds to be stable!!! 

  21. Branched Chain

  22. Carbon Ring C C C C C C

  23. QSR #4 • 1. Draw a simplified view of a carbon ring. • 2. All compounds are either organic or inorganic. Organic means they contain primarily ___ atoms. • 3. Carbon needs ___ electrons to be stable. • 4. Draw C4H10 as a straight chain and a branched chain and C4H8 as a ring.

  24. Biochemistry • Review: Most common elements in living things are? • C, H, O, & N = 90% of your body mass

  25. Compounds • Macromolecules • Large molecules • Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids • Made of subunits called monomers • Ex: Starch is a polymer of what monomer?

  26. QSR #10 1. Vinegar has a pH of 3 which means its an ________ while detergent has a pH of 11 making it a strong __________. 2. Which is the stronger base…11 or 14? ____ 3. Unbalanced pH levels can be harmful to cells, thus _________ in your blood help to maintain a balanced pH. 4. Other than balancing pH levels, what’s one more example of homeostasis?

  27. Biochemistry • Review: Most common elements in living things are? • C, H, O, & N = 90% of your body mass

  28. Building Blocks of Cells 4 Main classes of organic compounds: ORGANIC = CONTAINS CARBON (C) • Carbohydrates • Lipids (fats) • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  29. Carbs • Made of C,H,O • Include: • Fruits • Veggies • starches

  30. Carbohydrates (also called polysaccharides) 2 JOBS: • 1. provide the body with SHORT TERM energy • Like sugars and starches • 2. Provide structural support in cell walls • Ex: Cellulose – we can’t digest (don’t have enzymes for it)

  31. Carbohydrates 3 types: • 1. Monosaccharides – simple sugars • Found in sugars that come from plants ex: fruit • 1 sugar • Ex: Glucose & fructose – natural sugars found in fruits • EASIEST TO BREAK DOWN FOR ENERGY – but it doesn’t last long at all • “sugar high”

  32. 2. Dissacharides – (2 monosaccharides) • 2 sugars – still easy to break down • Provides energy for a little longer • Ex: Sucrose/table sugar – candy, sweet tea • Ex: Lactose – milk sugar – milk, yogurt

  33. 3. Polysaccharides – “Complex carbs” • **these are your STARCHES • Many sugars (made of more than one sugar) • HARDEST TO BREAK DOWN – thus it provides energy the longest • Ex: Starch– long chain of sugars • food storage by plants (roots) • Ex: potatoes and rice

  34. Glucose -- simple sugar Fructose – also a simple sugar

  35. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

  36. QSR #11 1. Monosaccharides are made of only ___ sugar and are found in _________ and veggies…not _________ sugar. 2. Carbs consist of 3 elements: ___, ____, ____ 3. The main function of carbs is to provide _________ for our cells, with ______________ providing us with the most energy. 4. Sucrose, or “_______ sugar”, is made of 2 monosaccharides (________ and fructose), thus sucrose and ________ are disaccharides.

  37. Lipids • Do not dissolve in water • nonpolar • 2 types • Saturated – solid at room temp • Ex: meats and cheeses • Unsaturated – liquid at room temp • Ex: olive oil • Includes fats, phospholipids, waxes, and oils

  38. Calories • Calories • 1g of fat = 9 calories • 1g of carbs = 4 calories

  39. Types of lipids A. Phospholipids – provide support for cell membranes B. Cholesterol – also found in cell membranes

  40. Lipids • Monomers are fatty acids: • Long chains of C-H bonds with a glycerol end • Fats/oils– • Plant fats: olive oil and peanut oil • Animal fats: butter and meat • Used for • Energy storage • Insulation • Protective covering

  41. SATURATED SATURATED UNSATURATED

  42. Proteins • Made of subunits called amino acids (which are used to build cells) • 20 different amino acids– your body can make 12, so where do the others come from? • Made of C,H,O,N and sometimes S • Ex: Hair and horns are made mostly of protein • What are some foods high in protein?

  43. Proteins • Amino acids are held together by Peptide Bonds • Thus AA’s often form long chains called Polypeptides • Proteins are often large molecules consisting of hundreds of AA’s

  44. Macromolecules and Monomers • Last slide

  45. A protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction Enzyme

  46. Enzymes • Catalyst that Speed up the digestion of food and other chemical reactions • Act like a lock and key mechanism • Substrate: specific reactants that an enzyme acts on • Ex: Amylase is an enzyme (found in saliva) that recognizes the substrate Starch – thus initiating the break down of starch

  47. Enzymes • Factors that change the shape of enzymes (i.e. proteins) – affecting their function to control chemical reactions in your body: • 1. High temperatures • 2. Unbalanced pH levels

More Related