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Essential Question: How are the entities of life interconnected?

Explore the interconnection of entities in life through the four spheres of Earth and the ecological hierarchy. Learn about the biogeochemical cycles, how human activities impact them, and the flow of energy in ecosystems.

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Essential Question: How are the entities of life interconnected?

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  1. Essential Question: How are the entities of life interconnected?

  2. Four Spheres of Earth • Atmosphere: air • Lithosphere: land/ crust • Hydrosphere: water in all forms • Biosphere: all living things

  3. Ecology • = the study of how living things interactwith each other AND their environment • Can be studied at different levels! • Includes: • Nutrient Cycles • Feeding Relationships & Energy Flow • Species interactions: competition, symbiosis, & important roles

  4. Biotic vs. Abiotic Bio: living A: no or non Biotic: living organism Abiotic: non living organism

  5. Ecological Hierarchy • Individual organism • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biome • Biosphere

  6. Ecological Hierarchy II.Population:same species living in an area • Species = group of similar organisms that can interbreed • Example: all the Giant pandas in a forest III.Community:group of different populations living in same area • Example: All the different plants & animals in a forest with the panda

  7. Ecological Hierarchy IV. Ecosystem: area where living (biotic) & nonliving (abiotic) things interact • where plants & animals interact with each other & water, soil, wind, sunlight

  8. Ecological Hierarchy V. Biome:Ecosystems with similar climates and communities • Examples: forest, desert, grassland, ocean, etc. VI. Biosphere:all ecosystems on earth

  9. Draw your own Ecological Hierarchy Pick an organism and then draw the 5 different levels in that organism’s ecological hierarchy. Must be labeled correctly, neat, colorful, and creative!

  10. Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles) • In terms of matter, Earth is a closed system • Nothing enters or leaves, just recycled • This is the Law of Conservation of Matter! • Matter is neither created nor destroyed, but recycled and reused • Important cycles: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, water

  11. Carbon Cycle = process where C is cycled b/w atmosphere, land, water, & organisms (during photosynthesis & cellular respiration) • Steps: Write steps into notes!

  12. How Humans Affect the Carbon Cycle • Burn fossil fuels → releases CO2 into atmosphere • More CO2 in atmosphere causes global warming through greenhouse effect

  13. How You Can Reduce YourCarbon Impact: • Use gas-efficient cars • Carpool/ use public transportation • Walk or ride bike when possible • Eat locally-grown food • Use less plastics & disposable products

  14. Oxygen Cycle = process where oxygen is cycled b/w atmosphere, ocean, & organisms • All organisms need Oxygen 1. Producers release O2 during photosynthesis • CO2 + H2O + sun → C6H12O6 + O2 2. Organisms use O2 during cellular respiration • C6H12O6 + O2→ CO2 + H2O + energy 3. O2 is stored: • Dissolved in oceans • Oxygen in the atmosphere: • O2 is 21% of lower atmosphere • Ozone (O3) in upper atmosphere protects us from UV rays

  15. Nitrogen Cycle = process where nitrogen (N) is cycled b/w atmosphere, bacteria, & other organisms • All organisms need N for proteins & nucleic acids (DNA) 1. N2 gas must be changed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria: • They convert N2 into nitrates (NO3) 2. Plants get NO3 from soil → animals eat plants 3. Plants & animal waste puts N back into soil in form of ammonia (NH4) 4. Other bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites (NO2) & nitrates

  16. Nitrogen Cycle

  17. How Humans Affect the Nitrogen Cycle • Have doubled amount of N on land due to use of fertilizers & burning fossil fuels • Problems of too much N: • Rivers & lakes becoming acidic • Global warming

  18. Hydrologic (Water) Cycle= path of H2O through environment • Most H2O is stored in oceans • Ocean H2O is turned to vapor (gas) by evaporation & winds push vapor around globe • H2O vapor turns to liquid in atmosphere = condensation • Liquid falls as precipitation(rain, snow, etc.) • Living organisms use H2O, then return it to environment through: • Breathing & sweating • Waste • Transpiration from leaves (plants) (leaves sweating)

  19. Water Cycle

  20. How Humans affect the Water Cycle: • Remove H2O faster than nature can replace it • Drain wetlands → increases flooding • Pollution

  21. Phosphorus Cycle = movement of phosphorus (P) between environment & organisms • P is important in DNA and ATP Steps: 1.Rocks erode, putting phosphate into soil and water 2. P is taken up by plants & converted to organic molecules 3. Animals eat plants 4. Decomposing plants & animals & waste return P to environment • How humans affect P cycle: • Excess phosphate from fertilizers can cause too much algal growth in water → kills fish & other organisms

  22. Phosphorus Cycle Excess P due to fertilizers!

  23. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Ultimate source of energy = sun Plants, algae, & some bacteria capture solar energy - perform photosynthesis Organelle that performs photosynthesis = chloroplast (pigment inside = chlorophyll)

  24. Photosynthesis • = Carbon dioxide + water + solar energy → sugar (glucose) & oxygen • CO2 + H20 + solar energy → C6H12O6 + O2 Reactants Products

  25. Photosynthesis • Performed by producers= an organism that makes its own food via photosynthesis* • Aka autotrophs

  26. From producers to …. • Consumer = an organism that gets energy by eating other organisms • Aka heterotroph • Producers & Consumers convert sugar into usable energy through cellular respiration • Organelle that performs cellular respiration = mitochondria

  27. Cellular respiration • = Glucose + oxygen →carbon dioxide & water & energy (ATP) • C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H20 + ATP Energy molecule Reactants Products

  28. Consumers can be categorized by… • What is eats: • Herbivore: eats producers • Carnivore: eats other consumers • Omnivore: eats producers & consumers • Scavenger:eats dead large animals • Decomposer: breaks down dead producers & consumers (bacteria & fungi)

  29. Consumers are Categorized by Trophic Level • In a food chain/ web, each step is called a trophic level • Producers = 1st trophic level • Herbivores = primary consumers = 2nd trophic level • Carnivores & Omnivores = secondary consumers – 3rd trophic level • And so forth…

  30. Trophic Level Energy Loss • Energy flows through environment (sun → organisms → space) • Energy is lost as it flows (according to 2nd Law of Thermodynamics) • At each trophic level: • 90% of energy from food is used for life functions(ex: movement, growth, reproduction, homeostasis) • Some energy is lost as heat • Remaining 10% energy becomes part of organism’s body & is available to next trophic level

  31. Energy Pyramids • Each layer of pyramid represents a trophic level • Only 10% of energy makes it to next level • B/c so much energy is lost at each level, there are fewer organisms as go up • Loss of energy limits the # of tropic levels in ecosystems • Usually have <5 Example: a single lion needs ~250 km2 of land to hunt

  32. Energy Pyramid Math Problems – write these in your notes! • If the producers in an ecosystem capture 1000 units of energy, how many units are available to the primary consumers? • Answer: 100 units • 1000 x 10% (0.1) = 100 units to next level • If the producers in an ecosystem capture 5000 units of energy, how many units are available to the tertiary consumers? • Answer: 5 units • 5000 for producers → 500 for primary consumers → 50 for secondary consumers → 5 for tertiary consumers

  33. Roles In The Environment • Niche = unique role of a species in its ecosystem • Includes: • What it eats & what eats it • If/ how it alters the environment • Interactions with other species**

  34. Species Interactions Include: • Predator/prey • Competition = when individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource • What resources might be competed over? • Food, space, water, mates • Symbiosis = relationship in which 2 species live in close association

  35. 3 Types of Symbiosis: 1. Mutualism = close relationship where both organisms benefit (+,+)

  36. 2. Commensalism = relationship where one organism benefits & the other is neither helped nor harmed (+,0) 3 Types of Symbiosis:

  37. 3. Parasitism = relationship where one organism benefits and the other gets hurt (+,-) 3 Types of Symbiosis:

  38. Other Important Roles that Organisms Play: • Keystone species: have a large effect on other species & biodiversity • Generally = top predators • Loss of top predator can cause trophic cascade • Examples: • Alligator • Sea otter • Gray wolf keystone

  39. Other Important Roles that Organisms Play: • Indicator species: provide early warning of damage/pollution to an ecosystem • Examples: • Frogs – warn of water pollution • Birds & Butterflies – warn of air pollution, habitat loss • Aquatic insects – warn of water pollution

  40. Foundation species: create or enhance their habitats (physically), which benefit others Ex: Beavers, alligators, elephants Other Important Roles that Organisms Play:

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