Manley A. Begay, Jr. Native Nations Institute (University of Arizona) and

1. Tribal-Citizen Entrepreneurship What Does It Mean for Indian Country and How Can Native Nations Support It? Manley A. Begay, Jr. Native Nations Institute (University of Arizona) and Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development Association of Cooperative Educators Conference Hotel Depot Minneapolis, Minnesota July 29, 2009

2. American Indian Economies(Reservation and Trust Lands) • Transfer Sector • Productive Sector • Nation-owned enterprises • Citizen entrepreneurship (private sector) …and Non-governmental/Non-profit sector

3. American Indian Economies(Reservation and Trust Lands) • In general, the transfer sector is shrinking; the productive sector is growing • Within the productive sector, emphasis has been on nation-owned enterprises

4. The Indigenous Private Sector is Growing • Census Bureau estimates of Indigenous-owned firms • 1997: 197,300 (includes nation-owned enterprises) • 2002: 206,125 (excludes nation-owned enterprises) • But these businesses have been overwhelmingly urban • That’s beginning to change… Why Does This Matter?

5. What Is Tribal-Citizen Entrepreneurship?Businesses started and owned by tribal citizens—individuals or families—on the nation’s own lands

6. What Citizen Entrepreneurship Does • Generates jobs • Builds reservation wealth • Increases reservation multipliers • Helps build a tax base • Diversifies the nation economy • Sends important signals to citizens • Retains talent locally • Improves the quality of life • Broadens the development effort • Strengthens tribal sovereignty

7. The “Thick” Economy of a Strong Native Nation Nation-Owned Enterprises Mines Factories Land Enterprises Forestry Wildlife Recreation Fishery Casino Resort Bank Industrial Park Utilities Shopping Mall ??? Citizen-Owned Enterprises Grocery Auto Repair Hardware Clothing Ranching/Farming Car Dealer Computer Services Building Contractors Restaurants Arts/Crafts Cooperative Lawyers/Accountants Dentists/Doctors/Vets Insurance Office Supply ??? The nation’s people, society, & culture

8. So Why Don’t We Have More of It?

9. Obstacles • Shared with other rural settings • Limited markets • Limited opportunities • Limited financing • Limited skills and training • Distinctive to much of Indian Country • Cultural concerns • The governance environment

10. Cultural Concerns (in some cases) • Fit with Indigenous values (for example, some nations are less tolerant than others of individual entrepreneurship) • Questions about appropriate uses of nation resources • In some cases, a culture of dependency that has sapped individual initiative • (For outsiders) Strong community commitments on the part of entrepreneurs

11. The Governance Environment (in some cases) • Lack of institutions that are taken for granted in other settings (independent courts, commercial codes, zoning, etc.) • Political interference in business permitting, site leases, nation court decisions, etc. • Overly complex regulatory regimes • Slow or culturally inappropriate or dysfunctional bureaucracies • Lack of infrastructure

12. Results • Instability and unpredictability • Higher business costs • Exit

13. Case 1 – Big Nation • Need and Opportunity • high unemployment • large internal market but relatively few on-rez businesses • many would-be entrepreneurs • but most dollars spent off-rez • fit with Indigenous values

14. Case 1 – Big Nation • Need and Opportunity • high unemployment • large internal market but relatively few on-rez businesses • many would-be entrepreneurs • but most dollars spent off-rez • fit with Indigenous values • Governance Problem • most land is nation-held, but nation site-leasing process has more than 100 steps and on average takes more than a year to complete • in a nearby, off-rez city, a new business can be up and running in less than 30 days

15. Case 1 – Big Nation • Need and Opportunity • high unemployment • large internal market but relatively few on-rez businesses • many would-be entrepreneurs • but most dollars spent off-rez • fit with Indigenous values • Governance Problem • most land is nation held, but nation site-leasing process has more than 100 steps and on average takes more than a year to complete • in a nearby, off-rez city, a new business can be up and running in less than 30 days • Results • massive brain drain as young people with ideas and energy go somewhere else • hundreds of jobs lost

16. Case 2 – High Plains Nation • Need and Opportunity • major social problems including extreme unemployment • multiple communities that need to buy goods • significant tourism possibilities • determined and committed entrepreneurs • cultural support for entrepreneurship

17. Case 2 – High Plains Nation • Need and Opportunity • major social problems including extreme unemployment • multiple communities that need to buy goods • significant tourism possibilities • determined and committed entrepreneurs • cultural support for entrepreneurship • Governance Problem • politicized business permitting system • politicized nation court • nation legislature efforts to raise cash through increased site-lease rates

18. Case 2 – High Plains Nation • Need and Opportunity • major social problems including extreme unemployment • multiple communities that need to buy goods • significant tourism possibilities • determined and committed entrepreneurs • cultural support for entrepreneurship • Governance Problem • politicized business permitting system • politicized nation court • council efforts to raise cash through increased site-lease rates • Results • high business start-up costs, political game-playing • a struggling entrepreneurial sector that could thrive under changed conditions • but also an organized effort by entrepreneurs to support each other and promote constitutional reform

19. Case 3 – Lake Nation • Need and Opportunity • lack of on-rez retail sector • high dependence on gaming for jobs, revenue • substantial gaming revenue

20. Case 3 – Lake Nation • Need and Opportunity • lack of on-rez retail sector • high dependence on gaming for jobs, revenue • substantial gaming revenue • Governance Response • nation uses gaming revenue to support entrepreneurship • nation provides training, technical assistance, and low-interest loans to would-be entrepreneurs • loan access depends on passing strict business tests • politics kept out of loan decisions

21. Case 3 – Lake Nation • Need and Opportunity • lack of on-rez retail sector • high dependence on gaming for jobs, revenue • substantial gaming revenue • Governance Response • nation uses gaming revenue to support entrepreneurship • nation provides training, technical assistance, and low-interest loans to would-be entrepreneurs • loan access depends on passing strict business tests • politics kept out of loan decisions • Results • more than thirty new businesses in first four years, with high survival rate • reduced costs • jobs, services, pride

22. So How Do You Increase Tribal-Citizen Entrepreneurship?

23. What Indigenous Nations Can Do • Attitudinal Changes • Sovereignty mind-set • Strategic thinking • Investments • Small business services (such as education, technical advice) • Financing • Strategic planning • Institutional Changes • A capable nation bureaucracy • A sensible regulatory environment • A commercial code • A genuinely independent nation court

24. Key Questions To Indigenous Nations • Do you want to include citizen entrepreneurship in your development strategy? • Will the community benefit from and tolerate citizen entrepreneurship? • Do you have a governmental structure in place that will support—not penalize—citizen entrepreneurship?

25. For some Native nations, nation-owned enterprises may be all the development strategy they need or desire American Indian Economies Nation-owned Enterprises

26. But for others, citizen entrepreneurship can be a key building block in a sustainable Indigenous economy American Indian Economies Nation-owned Enterprises Citizen Entrepreneurship

27. And for others, nation-owned enterprises, citizen entrepreneurship, and non-governmental/non-profit sector can be the building blocks in a sustainable Indigenous economy American Indian Economies Nation-Owned Enterprises Non-Profit Sector Citizen Entrepreneurship

28. But if the second and latter strategies are selected, then nation government carries much of the responsibility for making the strategy work……by putting in place an environment of stable rules and other supports that encourages citizens to invest time and energy at home.