Salvete, discipuli! Chapter VII: Subjunctive I

1. Salvete, discipuli! Chapter VII: Subjunctive I

2. Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle Active Passive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect 1st 2nd 3rd Singular Plural

3. The Subjunctive The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is“unreality” and potentiality. i.e., the woulda, coulda, shoulda of Latin. The Subjunctive consists of 4 tenses: Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential/unreal actions are by nature in the future. Therefore, no future is necessary.

4. The Subjunctive There are two basic types of Subjunctive: Independent and Dependent The Independent Subjunctive is really where the potential nature of the Subjunctive is apparent. The Dependent Subjunctive is used mainly to denote potentiality in a subordinate clause, and is rarely translated differently than a normal, indicative main verb.

5. Forming the Subjunctive • The Subjunctive can be identified by a change in the stem of verbs. (cf. to infixes and endings) • The Subjunctive Tenses, however, still employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned. • In the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in the stem vowel of the verb.

6. Conjugation Review The stem vowel of the verb is the one that occurs before the “re” 1st conjugation: amō, amāre 2nd conjugation: habeō, habēre 3rd conjugation: agō, agere (actually i) 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre

7. Present Subjunctive The changes in the present subjunctive are the following: 1st conjugation: ā --> e 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea 3rd conjugation: i --> a 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia

8. Present Subjunctive 1st conjugation: ā --> e 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea 3rd conjugation: i --> a 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia Therefore, we can use the phrase “we fear a liar” to help remember the changes.

9. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the present active subjunctive: • Find the present active infinitive(the 2nd principle part). • amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus • Take off the -re. • amā • Change the stem vowel • ā --> e • Add the personal ending to the stem. • ame+ -t = amet(he/she/it loves)

10. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the present passive subjunctive: Find the present active infinitive(the 2nd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus Take off the -re. amā Change the stem vowel ā --> e Add the personal ending to the stem. ame+ -tur = ametur(he/she/it is loved)

11. Practice • 3rd sing., pres., passive, subjunctive of maneō, manēre • maneatur • 2nd plural pres., active, subjunctive of līberō, līberāre • līberetis • 1st plural pres., passive, subjunctive of ducō, ducere • ducamur • 1st singular pres., active subjunctive of fugiō, fugere • fugiam • 3rd plural pres., passive, subjunctive of audiō, audīre • audiantur

12. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive can be identified by a change in the stem of verbs. (cf. to infixes and endings) The Subjunctive Tenses, however, still employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned. In the imperfect tense, the subjunctive is indicated by adding the endings directly to the present active infinitive of the verb.

13. Infinitive Review Below are the present, active, infinitives of the different conjugations: 1st conjugation: amō, amāre 2nd conjugation: habeō, habēre 3rd conjugation: agō, agere 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre

14. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the imperfect active subjunctive: Find the present active infinitive(the 2nd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive. amāre+ -t = amāret(he/she/it was loving)

15. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the imperfect passive subjunctive: Find the present active infinitive(the 2nd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive. amāre+ -tur = amāretur(he/she/it was being loved)

16. Practice • 3rd sing., imperf., passive, subj. of maneō, manēre • manēretur • 2nd plural, imperf., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre • līberāretis • 1st plural, imperf., passive, subj. of ducō, ducere • duceremur • 1st sing., imperf., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere • fugerem • 3rd plural, imperf., passive, subj. of audiō, audīre • audīrentur

17. Subjunctive Review Present Subjunctive “we fear a liar” Perfect Subjunctive ???? Imperfect Subjunctive 2nd pp + pers. endings Pluperfect Subjunctive ????

18. The Perfect and Present Systems present, active, infinitive perfect, passive, participle 1st, sing., present, active 1st, sing., perfect, active A Latin verb has four principle parts: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

19. The Perfect and Present Systems Present System Perfect System Active/Passive Active Passive A Latin verb has four principle parts: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

20. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned: Therefore, in the active voice, the 3rd principle part will be used. • In the perfect active, the subjunctive is indicated by the infix -eri. • In the pluperfect active, the subjunctive is indicated by the infix -isse.

21. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the perfect active subjunctive: • Find the perfect active stem(the 3rd principle part). • amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus • Take off the -ī. • amāv • Add the infix “-eri” • amāveri • Add the personal ending to the stem. • amāveri+ -t = amāverit(he/she/it loved)

22. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the pluperfect active subjunctive: Find the perfect active stem(the 3rd principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus Take off the -ī. amāv Add the infix “-isse” amāvisse Add the active personal endings to the stem. amāvisse+ -t = amāvisset(he/she/it had loved)

23. Practice • 3rd sing., perfect, active, subj. of maneō, manēre, mansī, mansus • manserit • 2nd plural, plup., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre, liberāvī, liberātus • līberāvissetis • 1st plural, perfect, active, subj. of ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus • duxerimus • 1st singular, plup., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere, fugī, fugitūrus • fugissem • 3rd plural, perfect, active, subj. of audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus • audīverint

24. The Perfect and Present Systems Present System Perfect System Active/Passive Active Passive A Latin verb has four principle parts: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

25. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned: Therefore, in the passive voice, the 4th principle part will be used. In the perfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the present subjunctive of sum, esse. In the pluperfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse.

26. Indicative sum es est sumus estis sunt Subjunctive sim sis sit simus sitis sint Present Tense of ‘sum, esse’

27. Indicative eram erās erat erāmus erātis erant Subjunctive essem esses esset essemus essetis essent Imperfect Tense of ‘sum, esse’

28. Forming the Subjunctive The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned: Therefore, in the passive voice, the 4th principle part will be used. In the perfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the present subjunctive of sum, esse. In the pluperfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse.

29. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the perfect passive subjunctive: Find the perfect passive stem(the 4th principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus Add the present subjunctive of “sum, esse” amātus+ sit = amātus, a, umsit(he/she/it was loved) Remember to show all the possibilities for genders amātus, a, um sit

30. Indicative amātus, a, umsum amātus, a, umes amātus, a, umest amātī, ae, asumus amātī, ae, aestis amātī, ae, asunt Subjunctive amātus, a, umsim amātus, a, umsis amātus, a, umsit amātī, ae, asimus amātī, ae, asitis amātī, ae, asint Perfect Passive of “amō, amāre amāvī, amātus”

31. Creating the Subjunctive Steps to create the pluperfect passive subjunctive: Find the perfect passive stem(the 4th principle part). amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus Add the imperfect subjunctive of “sum, esse” amātus+ esset = amātus, a, umesset(he/she/it was loved) Remember to show all the possibilities for genders amātus, a, um esset

32. Indicative amātus, a, umeram amātus, a, umerās amātus, a, umerat amātī, ae, aerāmus amātī, ae, aerātis amātī, ae, aerant Subjunctive amātus, a, umessem amātus, a, umesses amātus, a, umesset amātī, ae, aessemus amātī, ae, aessetis amātī, ae, aessent Pluperfect Passive of “amō, amāre amāvī, amātus”

33. Practice • 3rd sing., perfect, pass., subj. of maneō, manēre, mansī, mansus • mansus, a, um sit • 2nd plural, plup., pass., subj. of līberō, līberāre, liberāvī, liberātus • līberātī,ae, a essetis • 1st plural, perfect, pass., subj. of ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus • ductī, ae, a simus • 1st singular, plup., pass., subj. of fugiō, fugere, fugī, fugitūrus • fugitūrus, a, um essem • 3rd plural, perfect, pass., subj. of audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus • audītī, ae, a sint

34. Subjunctive Review Present Subjunctive “we fear a liar” Perfect Subjunctive Imperfect Subjunctive 2nd pp + pers. endings Pluperfect Subjunctive

35. Homework? Remember! • Homework 39