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Ch 5- Minerals

Ch 5- Minerals. Minerals. Ch 5, p. 103 QOD- What is a mineral?. Question set- #1-10 today. Show me when you finish 1-10 and then keep in notebook. REMEMBER: LAB TOMORROW! Missing contracts Shoes & Lab Safety Rules. Sep 14.

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Ch 5- Minerals

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  1. Ch 5- Minerals

  2. Minerals Ch 5, p. 103 QOD- What is a mineral?

  3. Question set- #1-10 today. Show me when you finish 1-10 and then keep in notebook. • REMEMBER: LAB TOMORROW! • Missing contracts • Shoes & Lab Safety Rules

  4. Sep 14 • QOD- What are the seven physical properties used to identify minerals? • Review of Identifying Metals Lab • Video Clip- Minerals • Notes & Questions- ch 5 minerals • Keep the questions in your notebook • Test 4 – 5 Wednesday

  5. Sep23 Earth Systems • Test- chapters 4 & 5 is Thursday! • Today- • Ch 5 notes • Tomorrow- • Last day to turn in mineral projects • Wednesday: Crystal Growing-! • Bring 1 pound (2 cups) sugar • Wear close toed shoes • Thursday- test ch 4-5

  6. Is it a Mineral? • Is it inorganic? • Does it occur naturally? • Is it a crystalline solid? • Consistent chemical composition? • Must answer yes to all 4 questions for it to be a mineral

  7. 10 Most common minerals • Quartz • Calcite • Orthoclase • Dolomite • Plagioclase • Halite • Muscovite • Gypsum • Biotite • Ferromagnesianminerals • These make up 90% of Earth’s mass

  8. Mineral Groups • Silicates • 96% of Earth’s crust • Contains Si (silicon) and O(oxygen) quartz • Can have other elements also • Feldspar – • Orthoclase if K (potassium), • Plagioclase if Na (sodium) or Ca (calcium) • Ferromagnesian minerals – rich in Fe (iron)

  9. Orthoclase - Lorenzenite Plagioclase - Albite Ferromagnesian - Olivine

  10. Mineral Groups • Nonsilicate Minerals • Do not contain Si and O • Can contain one or the other, but not both • Six groups • Carbonates • Native elements • Halides • Oxides • Sulfates • Sulfides

  11. Carbonate - Calcite Halide - Halite Native Elements - Gold Oxides - Hematite Sulfides - Galena Sulfates - Gypsum

  12. Crystalline Structure • Crystal – atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern • Silicate crystal structure • Silicon – oxygen tetrahedron • 1 Si with 4 O’s around it (illustrated in the book) • Basic building block of silicates • Can be connected 6 different ways

  13. Silicate Tetrahedron

  14. Crystalline Structure • Nonsilicate crystals • Diverse chemical composition leads to variety of crystal structures • Cubes, hexagonal prisms… • Crystal structure influences physical properties • Native elements are dense due to compact crystal structure

  15. Physical Propertiesof Minerals • Mineralogist • Examine, analyze, and classify minerals • Result from chemical composition and crystal structure • Can be useful in identifying minerals

  16. Physical Properties • Color • Not reliable for ID purposes (subjective) • Small amount of impurities can affect color • Weathered surfaces may hide color • Only look at fresh surfaces

  17. Color

  18. Physical Properties • Streak • Color of mineral in powder form • Streak plate – unglazed ceramic tile • Streak color may differ from mineral color • Metallic minerals – darker streak • Nonmetallic minerals – lighter streak

  19. Streak

  20. Physical Properties • Luster • Light reflected from mineral’s surface • Metallic luster – shiny surface • Nonmetallic luster • Glassy • Waxy • Pearly • Brilliant • Dull / Earthy

  21. Metallic Luster

  22. Glassy LusterQuartz

  23. Waxy LusterVariscite

  24. Pearly LusterTalc

  25. Brilliant LusterDiamond

  26. Dull / Earthy LusterPsilomelane

  27. Physical Properties • Cleavage / Fracture • Cleavage • Splitting along specific lines of weakness • Forms smooth, flat surfaces • Fracture • Break unevenly into pieces • Forms curved, irregular surfaces • Conchoidal fractures – curved surface

  28. Cleavage - Calcite

  29. FractureConchoidal

  30. FractureIrregular

  31. Physical Properties • Hardness • Ability to resist scratching • Mohs Hardness Scale • Scale of 1 to 10 • 1 = Talc 10 = Diamond • Glass is about a 5

  32. Mohs Hardness Scale

  33. Physical Properties • Crystal Shape • 6 Basic shapes • Certain minerals always form crystals with the same shape • Density • Ratio of mass to volume • Can help identify minerals

  34. Crystal Shapes

  35. Physical Properties • Fluorescence and phosphorescence • Chatoyancy and asterism • Double refraction • Magnetism • Radioactivity

  36. Diamond fluorescence with ultraviolet light Phosphorescence – over time on a watch face

  37. Chatoyancy Asterism

  38. Double Refraction

  39. Crystal Growing Lab- Wedn. • Bring 1 pound (2 cups) sugar • Wear close toed shoes

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