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Promises and Turmoil: The 1960 S

HIST 202 - HESEN. Promises and Turmoil: The 1960 S. The 1960s. Best and worst times in history Postwar economy peaked in 1960s Racial strife, Vietnam, radicalism tore country apart U.S. learned its limits in East Asia and at home. John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier. Election of 1960

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Promises and Turmoil: The 1960 S

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  1. HIST 202 - HESEN Promises and Turmoil: The 1960S

  2. The 1960s • Best and worst times in history • Postwar economy peaked in 1960s • Racial strife, Vietnam, radicalism tore country apart • U.S. learned its limits in East Asia and at home

  3. John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier • Election of 1960 • Republicans – Richard Nixon • Democrats – John F. Kennedy • Results – Kennedy won by 100,000 votes

  4. Domestic Policy • The New Frontier • Called aid to education • Federal support for health care • Urban renewal • Civil rights • Mostly were struck down in Congress • Most were passed under Johnson

  5. Foreign Affairs • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) • Fidel Castro – Cuba • Central Intelligence Agency • Anti-Castro followers • Kennedy denied the incident

  6. Foreign Affairs • Berlin Wall (1961) • Called to meet with Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna • Demanded U.S. troops pulled out of Berlin • Soviets built wall separating East and West Berlin • 1963 – JFK – “Ich bin ein Berliner”

  7. Foreign Affairs • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • Intel – Soviet missiles in Cuba • ICBMs could reach U.S. in minutes • U.S. naval blockade – 13 days • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – no more testing of nukes

  8. Foreign Affairs • Flexible response • Proactive rather than reactive • Rely heavily on intelligence from CIA • Use of Special Forces (Green Berets) • RETALIATE ONLY IF NECESSARY!

  9. Assassination in Dallas • November 22, 1963 • Dallas, TX • Two bullets critically injured JFK (throat and head) • Lee Harvey Oswald • Warren Commission – Chief Justice Earl Warren • Conspiracies abound!

  10. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society • Johnson becomes president after JFK • Johnson wanted: • Civil Rights Act – 1964 • Outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and also women • Voter’s Rights Act – 1965 • outlawed discriminatory voting practices • Cut income taxes

  11. Election of 1964 • Democrats – LBJ/Hubert Humphrey • Republicans – Barry Goldwater • Extreme conservatism • Hawkish qualities • 1964 commercial

  12. Great Society Reforms • Medicare/Medicaid • Elementary and Secondary Education Act • Cut quota laws on immigration • Department of Transportation • Increased funding for public education and housing

  13. Long Hot Summers… • 1964--Riots in Harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant, New York City • 1965--Riots in the Watts section of Los Angeles. Malcolm X killed in New York (Mujahid Abdul Halim) • 1968--Martin Luther King, Jr. killed on April 4th (James Earl Ray); Robert Kennedy killed on June 5th (Sirhan-Sirhan) • Race riots broke out around the country.

  14. Vietnam • Early stages: • Eisenhower • Kennedy – “domino theory” • Sent “advisors” to Vietnam • By 1963 – 15,000 troops in Vietnam

  15. Vietnam • Tonkin Gulf Resolution • Gulf of Tonkin - 1965 • N. Vietnamese gunboats • Resolution gave LBJ power to take “all necessary measures” in Vietnam

  16. Vietnam • Operation Rolling Thunder - 1965 • USAF bombing attacks • 1965 – 184,000 troops in Vietnam • 1967 – 480,000 troops/16,000 dead • Gen. Westmoreland – “light at the end of the tunnel”

  17. Vietnam • 1968 • Tet Offensive • Massive invasion on U.S. • N. Vietnamese attacked U.S. positions in S. Vietnam • Attacks seen on TV • LBJ doesn’t run for reelection

  18. Coming Apart at the Seams • Election of 1968 • Democratic convention in Chicago • Herbert Humphrey • George McGovern • Antiwar demonstration • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • Richard Daley’s response • Richard Nixon • Won election • Pledged for “victory with honor” in Vietnam

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