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Measurement of ICT Skills in Eurostat's Information Society Statistics

This presentation outlines the framework, contents, methods, and strengths/weaknesses of Eurostat's ICT usage surveys. It also discusses the measurement of e-skills and future developments in household and enterprise surveys.

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Measurement of ICT Skills in Eurostat's Information Society Statistics

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  1. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROSTAT Directorate F: Social Statistics and Information Society “Knowledge Economy – Challenges for Measurement”Luxembourg, 8th - 9th December 2005 europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/ ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics Christophe Demunter Indicators

  2. Outline of the presentation • Introduction: • General overview of Information Society Statistics in Eurostat, focusing on the ICT usage surveys (enterprises and households/individuals): • Framework (background) • Contents (main variables and breakdowns) • Methods • Strenghts and weaknesses • Measurement of e-skills • Definition problems • Scope of Eurostat’s work • Skills measurement in the household survey • ICT occupations ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  3. Outline of the presentation • First results from the 2005 survey • Future work • Developments in the household survey (ad hoc module on digital literacy in the 2007 survey) • Developments in the enterprise survey (ad hoc module on e-skills in the 2007 survey) ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  4. Background: EU policy initiatives • 1999: eEurope initiative • – An Information Society for all • « bring the benefits of the Information Society to all Europeans » • the objective of eEurope was ambitious: • to bring every citizen, school and business online and to exploit the potential of the new economy for growth, employment, and inclusion ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  5. Background: EU policy initiatives • 2000:Lisbon Council and first Action Plan •  Heads of State and Government of the European Union met in Lisbon in 2000 and launched a series of ambitious reforms at national and European level, amongst others to make the EU “the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world” by 2010. • First eEurope Action Plan (2000-2002); 3 aims: • (i) a cheaper faster more secure Internet; • (ii) investment in people and skills; • (iii) stimulating the use of the Internet. ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  6. Background: EU policy initiatives • 2002:eEurope Action Plan •  Objective: to provide a favourable environment for private investment and for the creation of new jobs, to boost productivity, to modernise public services, and to give everyone the opportunity to participate in the global information society. • eEurope 2005 therefore aimed to stimulating secure services, applications and content based on a widely available broadband infrastructure. ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  7. Background: EU policy initiatives • 2003:eEurope 2005Benchmarking Indicators • Implementation of eEurope Action Plan • 23 indicators built around 5 themes: • Internet indicators • Modern on-line public services • A dynamic e-business environment • A secure information infrastructure • Broadband • Indicators mainly collected via enterprise and household surveys conducted by the EU’s national statistical institutes, coordinated by Eurostat ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  8. Background: EU policy initiatives • 2005:i2010 strategy • eEurope 2005 benchmarking exercise is currently being revised • new 5-year strategy to boost the digital economy (adopted in June 2005) •  three pillars or policy priorities: • to create an open and competitive single market for information society and media services within the EU • to increase EU investment in research on information and communication technologies (ICT) by 80% • to promote an inclusive European information society • further emphasis on e-skills or digital literacy ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  9. Eurostat’s statistics on ICT usage • Two Community surveys on ICT usage: • Enterprise Survey (since 2001) • Household / Individuals Survey (since 2002) • Country coverage: • Enterprise survey 2005: all EU Member States (exc. France), most candidate countries (BG, RO, TR) and Norway. • Household survey 2005: all EU Member States (exc. France), most candidate countries (BG, RO, TR), Iceland and Norway. • 2006: full participation following Regulation 808/2004 • Data collected by national statistical institutes following a Eurostat model questionnaire • eEurope 2005 Benchmarking Indicators+ other topics ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  10. Enterprise survey • « Community survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises » • Subjects covered: • computer and related technology usage; • internet access; • e-government use; • e-security; • e-commerce (sales & purchases via the Internet / other computer networks); • e-Business. • e-skills; • Explanatory variables (breakdowns): • Size class (number of persons employed): 10–49 (small enterprises), 50-249 (medium-sized), 250 or more (large). • Economic activity: 14 categories based on NACE. ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  11. Household survey • « Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals » • Subjects covered: • available ICT devices; • frequency and location of computer and internet use; • purpose and nature of internet activities, including e-shopping; • ICT security; • e-skills; • e-government (detailed module in 2006); • barriers to computer and internet access. • Explanatory variables (breakdowns): Individual level:age, gender, employment situation, educational level, occupation, degree of urbanisation. Household level:household type (with/without children?), region (economically prosperous region?), degree of urbanisation, income. ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  12. Eurostat’s statistics on ICT usage • Strengths and weaknesses … • Harmonised data collection across Europe leads to highly comparable data • Sample is representative for the whole population (persons aged 16-74; enterprises in selected activities with 10+ employees) and for most breakdowns (gender, age, educ. level, type of locality, etc.; NACE, size class, etc.) • Total sample size for 2005 is approximately 125.000 households, 185.000 individuals and 200.000 enterprises • Coordination with NSI’s and Commission procedures (contracts and legislation) are time-consuming and affect the timelinessof the data: data are available at the end of the reference year but the variables need to be decided at the beginning of T-1 (= time lag of 20 months) ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  13. Measurement of e-skills • Relevance • e-Inclusion: no « Information Society for all » without « e-skills for all » … • Labour market needs: jobs more and more require user skills (for using applications) or specialist skills (for developing applications, solutions and networks) • Definition problem • No commonly agreed definition of e-skills available • No reference point for the question design Eurostat questions are a first attempt for measurement of e-skills, without using a commonly adopted conceptual framework ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  14. Measurement of e-skills Scope of Eurostat’s work on e-skills: • Focuses on basic e-skills (or IT literacy) as the survey is addressed to the general public, not to IT professionals • Corresponds roughly with the category ICT user skills proposed by the e-Skills Forum: the capabilities required for effective application of ICT systems and devices by the individual. ICT users apply systems as tools in support of their own work, which is, in most cases, not ICT. User skills cover the utilisation of common generic software tools and the use of specialised tools supporting business functions within industries other than the ICT industry • Other questions also touch topics as participation in courses on computer use, use of internet for training purposes and lack of skills as a barrier to internet use ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  15. Household survey: e-skills module • 2005 and 2006 survey • To be updated or extended for the 2007 survey (detailed module on digital literacy for i2010) • Set of four questions • Additional (more indirect) data on digital literacy from other modules (e.g. computer use, Internet use, barriers, etc.) • Last time the individual has participated in a training course (of at least 3 hours) on any aspect of computer use • Scope: all individuals who ever used a computer • Breakdown: 5 categories (last 3 months; between 3 and 12 months ago; between 1 and 3 years ago; more than 3 years ago; never taken one) ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  16. Household survey: e-skills module • Computer related activities the individual has already carried out • Scope: all individuals who ever used a computer • Checklist of 6 items (via self-assessment): • Copying or moving a file or folder • Using copy & paste tools to duplicate or move information within a doc. • Using basic arithmetic formulas in a spreadsheet • Compressing files • Connecting and installing new devices, e.g. a printer or a modem • Writing a computer program using a specialised programming language • Categorical data (although some ordinality in terms of level of complexity) • Output: results for the separate items + 3 levels of basic computer skills: • Low: individuals having ticked 1 or 2 of the activities • Medium: individuals having ticked 3 or 4 of the activities • High: individuals having ticked 5 or 6 of the activities ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  17. Household survey: e-skills module • Internet related activities the individual has already carried out • Scope: all individuals who ever used the Internet • Checklist of 6 items (via self-assessment): • Using a search engine to find information • Sending e-mails with attached files (documents, pictures, etc.) • Posting messages to chatrooms, newsgroups, online discussion forum • Using the Internet to make telephone calls • Using peer-to-peer file sharing for exchanging movies, music, etc. • Creating a web page • Categorical data (although some ordinality in terms of level of complexity) • Output: results for the separate items + 3 levels of basic Internet skills: • Low: individuals having ticked 1 or 2 of the activities • Medium: individuals having ticked 3 or 4 of the activities • High: individuals having ticked 5 or 6 of the activities ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  18. Household survey: e-skills module • How the individual obtained his/her computer or Internet skills • Formalised educational institution (school, college, university) • Training courses in adult education center (but not on the initiative of your employer) • Vocational training courses (on the demand of the employer) • Self-study using books, cd-roms, etc. • Self-study in the sense of learning-by-doing • Informal assistance from colleagues, relatives, friends • Some other way • Output: results for the separate items, broken down by • The usual breakdown by gender, age group, educational level, employment situation, degree of urbanisation, etc. • Additionally broken down by the low, medium, high level of basic computer skills ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  19. Household survey: occupation • According to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) Strengths: • international comparability • information already available from the survey vehicle (where applicable) Weaknesses: • coding is not always reliable (common problem to all classifications …) • classification may not be up-to-date to cover ICT related jobs • NSI’s are asked to recode into at least3-digit ISCO categories ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  20. Household survey: occupation • Output: •  Not: ICT usage information by occupation: • limited relevance • restriction because of the sample sizes)  Recoded into 2 breakdowns, each with 2 categories: Manual workers v. non-manual workers (including the armed forces) • The category “manual workers” should consist of the individuals in the ISCO Major Groups 6 to 9. • The category “non-manual workers” should consist of the individuals in ISCO Major Groups 0 to 5. ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  21. Household survey: occupation ICT professionals v. non-ICT professionals • The category “ICT professionals” is composed differently, depending on the detail of the data collection (or coding): ISCO available at 4 digit level: 1236 Computing services managers 2131 Computer systems designers, analysts and programmers 2139 Computing professionals not elsewhere classified 2144 Electronics and telecommunications engineers 3114 Electronics and telecommunications engineering technicians 3121 Computer assistants 3122 Computer equipment operators 3132 Broadcasting and telecommunications equipment operators ISCO available at 3 digit level: 213 Computing professionals 312 Computer associate professionals • The category “non-ICT professionals” consist of all other ISCO Unit Groups (if 4 digit) or ISCO Minor Groups (if 3 digit) • Problem: low cell frequencies for ICT professionals (2-3% of the sample?) may only allow for EU level estimates (not country level) ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  22. 2005 household survey: first results ! • Timetable of the survey • Data collection • September - February before the reference year: NSI’s prepare national questionnaires, sample, interviewer instructions, etc. • February – June 2005: actual data collection in most countries • Data processing • May – September 2005: data-entry, data validation, logic and plausibility tests on the data. • October 2005: transmission of the (aggregated) data to Eurostat • end November 2005: databases finalised and validated for most countries (21) at Eurostat  data presented here are preliminary, esp. for EU aggregates • Dissemination via the website (New Cronos) and publications ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  23. Proportion of individuals never having used a computer (2005), by socio-demographic background Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  24. Proportion of individuals not regularly using the Internet (2005), by socio-demographic background Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  25. Proportion of individuals neverhaving used a computer / not regularly using the Internet (2005), by country Note: data on computer use not available for Belgium Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  26. Proportion of individuals having used the Internet in the 3 months before the interview (2005), by socio-demographic background Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  27. Proportion of individuals having used the Internet in the 3 months before the interview (2005), by country Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  28. Lack of skills as barrier to home Internet access (2003) • « Lack of skills » was in 2003 on average the number one reason for not having internet at home, before « equipment costs too high » • Gender: #1 barrier for women • Age groups:#1 barrier for 55+, #2 for age group 45-54, #3 for 35-44, #4 for 16-24 • Educational level:#1 barrier for lower educated people, #3 barrier for middle and higher educated (after access elsewhere and equipment costs too high) • Employment status: #1 barrier for retired people • Note: based on 2003 data (all items) for 8 countries (DK, DE, EL, IE, LU, AT, PT, UK) ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  29. Most recent training course on computer use (2005), by socio-demographic background Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  30. Proportion of computer users already having carried out two specific computer tasks (2005), by socio-demographic background Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  31. Distribution of levels of basic computer skills (2005), by country Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  32. Distribution of levels of basic computer skills (2005), aggregate data, by socio-demographic background Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  33. Distribution of levels of basic Internet skills (2005), aggregate data, by socio-demographic background Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  34. Way of obtaining e-skills skills (2005), by socio-demographic background Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  35. Way of obtaining e-skills skills (2005), by level of basic computer skills Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  36. Future work: enterprise survey • 2006 survey • New questions focusing on shortages in e-skilled staff: • Did your enterprise have difficulties in recruiting personnel with ICT skills (from basic to professional), during 2005? [filter question] • Did your enterprise face the following problems when trying to recruit personnel, during 2005? • Personnel with required skills in the use of ICT applications not available or not entirely suitable • ICT specialists with the required skills not available or not entirely suitable • High remuneration costs of ICT specialists ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  37. Future work: enterprise survey • 2007 survey • Discussions on the new model questionnaire and the detailed module on e-skills recently started • Current proposal by Eurostat includes questions on different aspects of ICT specialists: • Whether the enterprise employs ICT specialists • Whether the enterprise offers training to develop or upgrade ICT skills • Outsourcing or offshore outsourcing of ICT functions • Module to be finalised spring 2006 • Results expected by autumn 2007 ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  38. Future work: household survey • 2006 survey • Set of questions from 2005 has been maintained • 2007 survey • Discussions on the new model questionnaire and the detailed module on e-skills/ digital literacy recently started • First proposal will be submitted to the MS for comments by mid-December 2005 ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  39. Future work: household survey • 2007 survey (continued) • First brainstorming in Task Force (end November): • Expansion of the self-assessment items • Respondent’s judgement on how suitable their skills are for the labour market • Reasons for not taking computer related courses • Questions related to e-learning, e.g. use of Internet for learning/education purpose • Module to be finalised spring 2006 • Results expected by autumn 2007 ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

  40. ICT usage data for the EU • Statistics are available free of charge on Eurostat’s website: • http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat • Click « Data » • Click « Population/social conditions » • Via the New Cronos database, user-defined tables can be requested • Metadata including a first release of the Methodological Manual: http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/en/infosoc/infosoc_base.htm ICT skills measurement in Eurostat’s Information Society Statistics

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