Homonyms

1. Homonyms

2. Definition of Homonymy • Diachronic Study of Homonymy and Sources of Homonyms • Homonyms treated synchronically • Classification of homonyms

3. Definition of Homonymy • Greek homonymous – homos “the same” and onoma “name” • Two or more words identical in sound form and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in meaning, distribution and (in many cases) in origin are called homonyms

4. Reasons for intense development of homonyms in English • monosyllabic character of the language • analytic structure of English • predominance of free forms in English • high-developed polysemy

5. Sources of Homonymy • Convergent development of sound form • Divergent meaning development

6. Convergent development of sound form (phonetic changes) • two or more words which were pronounced differently at an earlier date develop identical sound forms • e.g. OE зemane “common” mean OE manen “think”

7. Divergent semantic development (split polysemy) • different meanings of the same word move so far away from each other that they come to be regarded as two separate units chest “large box” e.g. OE cest chest “part of human body”

8. Other Sources of Homonymy • shortening e.g. fan – “an implement for waving lightly to produce a cool current of air” fanfanatic • sound-imitation e.g. bang – “a loud, sudden, explosive sound bang – “a fringe of hair combed over the forehead”

9. Other Sources of Homonymy • borrowings e.g. bank – “a shore” – a native word bank – “a financial institution” - an Italian borrowing

10. Synchronic Approach to Homonymy • the criteria distinguishing homonymy from polysemy • the formulation of rules for recognizing different meanings of homonyms in terms of their distribution

11. Homonymy and Polysemy • Semantic criterion of related and unrelated meanings – connections between the various meanings are apprehended by speakers or not apprehended

12. Homonymy and Polysemy • radiation - primary meaning stands in the center, secondary meanings proceed out of it like rays polysemy

13. Homonymy and Polysemy • concatenation – secondary meanings develop like a chain. It is difficult to trace some meanings to the primary one. homonymy

14. Distribution Criterion • homonyms differ in their syntactic function e.g. I think that this “that” is a conjunction but thatthat“that”thatthat man used was a pronoun.

15. Professor A. I. Smirnitsky’s Classification of Homonyms • full homonyms • partial homonyms

16. Full homonyms • words which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm • have the same spelling an pronunciation • e.g. match – a game, a contest match – a short piece of wood for producing fire

17. Partial homonyms • simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms • belong to the same part of speech • their paradigms have only one identical form • it is never the same form

18. Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms • e.g. to found, verb found, verb (Past Ind., Past. Part. of to find) • e.g. to lay, verb lay, verb (Past Ind. of to lie)

19. Partial homonyms 2. Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms • belong to different parts of speech • have one identical form in their paradigms e.g. rose, noun rose, verb (Pat Ind. of to rise) e.g. one, numeral won, verb (Past Ind., Past Part. of to win)

20. Partial homonyms 3. Partial lexical homonyms • belong to the same part of speech • identical only in corresponding forms of their paradigms e.g. to lie (lay, lain), verb to lie (lied, lied), verb e.g. to can (canned, canned) (I) can (could)

21. Walter Skeat’s classification of Homonyms • homonyms proper – words identical in pronunciation and spelling e.g. a ball (a sphere) – a ball (a dancing party) • homophones – words of the same sound form but different in spelling e.g. sent (Past Inf., Past Part. of to send) – scent - cent

22. Walter Skeat’s classification of Homonyms • homographes– words have the same spelling but different sound form e.g. to bow[bаu], verb – bow[bəu], noun to tear[teə], verb – tear[tiə], noun

23. Classification of Homonyms by R.S. Ginzburg 1. full homonyms – words belonging to the same part of speech and having the same paradigms e.g. a seal (тюлень) – a seal (печать) 2. partial homonyms – word-forms belonging to different parts of speech e.g. a seal – to seal

24. Classification of homonyms according to their meaning • lexical homonyms – words that differ in their lexical meaning but identical in their grammatical meaning e.g. a seal (тюлень) – a seal (печать)

25. Classification of homonyms according to their meaning • lexico-grammatical homonyms – belong to different parts of speech and have different lexical and grammatical meanings e.g. a seal - to seal

26. Classification of homonyms according to their meaning • grammatical homonyms – different word-forms of one and the same word are identical e.g.a seal – seals – seal’s – seals’