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FORMATION AND USE OF INFINITIVES

FORMATION AND USE OF INFINITIVES. PRESENT ACTIVE PRESENT PASSIVE PERFECT ACTIVE PERFECT PASSIVE FUTURE ACTIVE. PRESENT STEM. ACTIVE PORTARE - TO CARRY HABERE - TO HAVE/HOLD AGERE - TO DO FACERE - TO MAKE AUDIRE - TO HEAR. PASSIVE PORTAR I - TO BE CARRIED HABER I - TO BE HELD

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FORMATION AND USE OF INFINITIVES

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  1. FORMATION AND USEOFINFINITIVES • PRESENT ACTIVE • PRESENT PASSIVE • PERFECT ACTIVE • PERFECT PASSIVE • FUTURE ACTIVE

  2. PRESENT STEM • ACTIVE • PORTARE - TO CARRY • HABERE - TO HAVE/HOLD • AGERE - TO DO • FACERE - TO MAKE • AUDIRE - TO HEAR

  3. PASSIVE • PORTARI - TO BE CARRIED • HABERI - TO BE HELD • AGI - TO BE DONE • FACI - TO BE MADE • AUDIRI - TO BE HEARD

  4. PERFECT STEM • ACTIVE • PORTAVISSE - TO HAVE CARRIED • HABUISSE - TO HAVE HELD • EGISSE - TO HAVE DONE • FECISSE - TO HAVE MADE • AUDIVISSE - TO HAVE HEARD

  5. PASSIVE • PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE + ESSE • PORTATUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN CARRIED • DOCTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN TAUGHT • ACTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN DONE • FACTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN MADE • AUDITUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN HEARD

  6. FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE • FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE + ESSE • PORTATURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO CARRY • DOCTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO TEACH • ACTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO DO • FACTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO MAKE • AUDITURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO HEAR

  7. USE AS A COMPLEMENT TO ANOTHER VERB • COMPLEMENTS OTHER VERBS SUCH AS: POSSE; DEBERE; PARARE, NECESSE EST, OPORTET • EXEMPLI GRATIA; • POSSUM DOCERE BENE DISCIPULOS. • I am able to teach the students well. • P ARAMUS PUGNARE BELLUM. • We are preparing to fight the battle. • DEBES LEGERE HISTORIAM. • You ought to read the story.

  8. INDIRECT DISCOURSE • After verbs of saying, knowing, thinking, believing and others describing some mental action, if the words are not quoted directly, we use a clause introduced by THAT • EXEMPLI GRATIA He says thatthe boys are fighting. (indirect) He says: “The boys are fighting”. (direct)

  9. VERBS WHICH INTRODUCE INDIRECT DISCOURSE

  10. INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED • In Latin, the infinitive is used as the verb in the indirect statement. The subject is put in the accusative case in the indirect statement. • EXEMPLI GRATIA: Dicit, “pueri pugnant.” (DIRECT) He says: “The boys are fighting.” Dicit pueros pugnare. (INDIRECT) He says that the boys are fighting.

  11. INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED • In English the subject of the infinitive in the indirect statement is also in the accusative (objective) case: • I know him to be honest. NOT • I know he to be honest. • Tense of the infinitive signifies the time of the indirect statement in relation to the main verb.

  12. INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED • PRESENT INFINITIVE MEANS CONTEMPORARY ACTION • PERFECT INFINITIVE MEANS PREVIOUS ACTION • FUTURE INFINITIVE MEANS FUTURE ACTION

  13. INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED • EXEMPLI GRATIA: • Dicit virum ambulare. (present = contemporaneous) • He says that the man is walking • Dixitvirumambulare. (present = contemporaneous) • He said that the man walked. • Dicitvirumambulavisse. (perfect = prior) • He says that the man walked. • Dixitvirumambulavisse. (perfect = prior) • He said that the man had walked.

  14. INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED • Dicitvirum ambulaturum esse. • NB: future = future; agreement of participial portion of infinitive in number, case (accusative) and gender of the subject in indirect discourse; this also applies to the perfect passive infinitive • He says that the man will walk. • Dixitvirum ambulaturum esse.(future = future) • He said that the man would walk.

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