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The Scientific Method: Tutorial

Start from beginning. The Scientific Method: Tutorial. Designing the experiment. Variable practice. Graphing the data. Place your keyboard aside. Only use your mouse or mouse pad (laptops). . Conclusion. Introduction: The Scientific Method.

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The Scientific Method: Tutorial

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  1. Start from beginning The Scientific Method: Tutorial Designing the experiment Variable practice Graphing the data Place your keyboard aside. Only use your mouse or mouse pad (laptops). Conclusion

  2. Introduction: The Scientific Method The scientific method is a series of steps used by scientists to help them solve problems. In principle, the scientific method is fairly straight forward so long as you can remember a few basic concepts. A valid experiment will identify a problem, research the problem to see if others have collected data for similar problems, create a hypothesis (temporary solution to the problem), collect data by performing an experiment, analyze the data collected, and report your findings.

  3. Introduction: The Scientific Method The scientific method is a series of steps used by scientists to help them solve problems. In principal, the scientific method is fairly straight forward so long as you can remember a few basic concepts. A valid experiment will identify a problem, research the problem to see if others have collected data for similar problems, create a hypothesis (temporary solution to the problem), collect data by performing an experiment, analyze the data collected, and report your findings. Setting up the experiment can be the toughest part of the scientific method for young scientists. A poorly designed experiment can make your data hard to understand and even meaningless. Therefore, the purpose of this tutorial is to help you learn basic fundamentals to help you design an experiment and interpret the data collected.

  4. back Identifying a Problem Kobe-cyol (fictional) is a prescription medication designed to relieve arthritis pain.

  5. back Identifying a Problem Kobe-cyol (fictional) is a prescription medication designed to relieve arthritis pain. Jane and Jerry are both young doctors who have heard rumors that Kobe-cyol can dangerously raise the blood pressure of patients who use the drug. This can be a serious medical concern because if the patients blood pressure is too high, they can suffer a heart attack and possibly die. This is the first stage of the scientific method, identifying a problem.

  6. back Identifying a Problem Kobe-cyol (fictional) is a prescription medication designed to relieve arthritis pain. Jane and Jerry are both young doctors who have heard rumors that Kobe-cyol can dangerously raise the blood pressure of patients who use the drug. This can be a serious medical concern because if the patients blood pressure is too high, they can suffer a heart attack and possibly die. This is the first stage of the scientific method, identifying a problem. What is the initial problem that Jane and Jerry have identified? But what is the connection? But what is the connection? Some patients take Kobe-cyol. Some patients are at risk of heart attack. This information is not given in the story. Correct. Some patients have high blood pressure. Kobe-cyol may dangerously raise blood pressures.

  7. back Researching the Problem Jane and Jerry have agreed to meet at the UCLA medical library to research their problem. They searched countless journals to see if other doctors have performed work on the effects of Kobe-cyol, but they did not find the answer to their problem question. They will need to perform their own experiment.

  8. back Researching the Problem Jane and Jerry have agreed to meet at the UCLA medical library to research their problem. They searched countless journals to see if other doctors have performed work on the effects of Kobe-cyol, but they did not find the answer to their problem question. They will need to perform their own experiment. Meet the volunteers Even though Jane and Jerry have discussed the risks with their patients about the use of Kobe-cyol, they have found volunteers to test the medication. Together, Jane and Jerry come up with a plan to test Kobe-cyol and the possible blood pressure risk.

  9. back Researching the Problem Jane and Jerry have agreed to meet at the UCLA medical library to research their problem. They searched countless journals to see if other doctors have performed work on the effects of Kobe-cyol, but they did not find the answer to their problem question. They will need to perform their own experiment. Even though Jane and Jerry have discussed the risks with their patients about the use of Kobe-cyol, they have found volunteers to test the medication. Together, Jane and Jerry come up with a plan to test Kobe-cyol and the possible blood pressure risk. Now that Jane and Jerry have identified their problem and performed research, it is time for them to create a hypothesis that answers their problem. Remember, the problem they are trying to answer is: “Does Kobe-cyol raise the blood pressure of their patients?”

  10. Creating the Hypothesis back If a person uses Kobe-cyol, then they may have higher than normal blood pressure. If a person is overweight, then they may have higher than normal blood pressure. If a person has high blood pressure, then they must use Kobe-cyol. This may be true but Jane and Jerry are not testing a person’s weight. Correct. Press the NEXT button when ready. There is no reason to believe this. There are numerous reasons why a person could have high blood pressure. Now that Jane and Jerry have identified their problem and performed research, it is time for them to create a hypothesis that answers their problem. Remember, the problem they are trying to answer is: “Does Kobe-cyol raise the blood pressure of patients?” The hypothesis is a possible solution to this problem and should be worded as an “If…then” statement. Click on the box below that would be a possible solution to this problem. Which will be our hypothesis?

  11. Designing the Experiment back Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform their experiment to test their hypothesis. But how do you design an experiment in the first place? Keep in mind our problem question: “Does Kobe-cyol affect a person’s blood pressure?”

  12. Designing the Experiment back Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform their experiment to test their hypothesis. But how do you design an experiment in the first place? Keep in mind our problem question: “Does Kobe-cyol affect a person’s blood pressure?” Their experiment will need to test the blood pressure of volunteers. Jane and Jerry have found 50 patients who are willing to volunteer for this experiment. Valid experiments usually create two groups of test subjects.

  13. Designing the Experiment back Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform their experiment to test their hypothesis. But how do you design an experiment in the first place? Keep in mind our problem question: “Does Kobe-cyol affect a person’s blood pressure?” Their experiment will need to test the blood pressure of volunteers. Jane and Jerry have found 50 patients who are willing to volunteer for this experiment. Valid experiments usually create two groups of test subjects. One group is called the CONTROL group. Participants of this group are not given the desired treatment (Kobe-cyol). Therefore, the control group is used as a comparison group.

  14. Designing the Experiment back Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform their experiment to test their hypothesis. But how do you design an experiment in the first place? Keep in mind our problem question: “Does Kobe-cyol affect a person’s blood pressure?” Their experiment will need to test the blood pressure of volunteers. Jane and Jerry have found 50 patients who are willing to volunteer for this experiment. Valid experiments usually create two groups of test subjects. One group is called the CONTROL group. Participants of this group are not given the desired treatment (Kobe-cyol). Therefore, the control group is used as a comparison group. The second group is called the EXPERIMENTAL group. Participants of this group are given the desired treatment (Kobe-cyol). The experimental subjects will be compared to the control group to see if the treatment worked or not.

  15. Designing the Experiment back Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  16. Designing the Experiment back Group A Group A: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  17. Designing the Experiment back Group A Group A: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were not given Kobe-cyol. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  18. Designing the Experiment back Group A Group A: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were not given Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat and exercise according to specific instructions. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  19. Designing the Experiment back Group A Group A: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were not given Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat and exercise according to specific instructions. After one month, the 25 patients would return to have their blood pressures checked again. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  20. Designing the Experiment back Group B Group B: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  21. Designing the Experiment back Group B Group B: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were given typical doses of Kobe-cyol. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  22. Designing the Experiment back Group B Group B: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were given typical doses of Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat and exercise according to the same instructions as group A. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  23. Designing the Experiment back Group B Group B: To start, the 25 patients had their blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients of this group were given typical doses of Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat and exercise according to the same instructions as group A. After one month, the 25 patients would return to have their blood pressures checked again. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  24. Designing the Experiment back Group B Group A Is Group A the control group or the experimental group? Experimental group Control group Not quite. Remember that the experimental group is given the treatment. In this case, group A is not given Kobe-cyol. Correct. Because no treatment was given to Group A, that makes them the control group. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  25. Designing the Experiment back Group B Group A Is group B considered the control group or the experimental group? Experimental group Control group Not quite. The control group is the one that does not receive treatment. Group B does receive treatment. Correct. Since group B received the treatment (Kobe-cyol) they are the experimental group. Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

  26. Identifying Variables back The independent variable is the factor that differs between the control group and experimental group. A good experiment should only have 1 difference between the two groups. Group B Group A

  27. Identifying Variables back The independent variable is the factor that differs between the control group and experimental group. A good experiment should only have 1 difference between the two groups. Group B Group A Number of people Diet habits Medication taken Exercise habits No. Each group had 25 people. No. Each group followed the same habits. Correct. No. Each group followed the same habits. What is different between Group A and Group B? (What is the independent variable of this experiment?)

  28. Identifying Variables back Group B Group A The data measured is the dependent variable. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? No. Body weight was never collected No. This is the independent variable. Body weight Blood pressure Kobe-cyol taken Heart rates Correct. No. Heart rates were never collected.

  29. back Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. In section A, he waters his crops as usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer. After 1 growing season, he records the growth of the crops. What is the independent variable of Farmer Bob’s experiment? Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what differs between the two groups. Try again. Group A crops The type of fertilizer used Group B crops The height of the crops Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what differs between the two groups. Try again. Correct. Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what differs between the two groups. Try again.

  30. back Variable Practice: Farmer Bob Before proceeding, let’s stop for a moment and get some practice identifying variables and parts of an experiment. Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of his field. In section A, he waters his crops as usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer. After 1 growing season, he records the growth of the crops. What is the dependent variable of Farmer Bob’s experiment? Correct. The type of fertilizer used Group A crops Group B crops The height of the crops Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data collected. Try again. Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data collected. Try again. Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data collected. Try again.

  31. back Variable Practice: USA Military The United States military wants to see if soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate at the same level as those who normally get 7 hours of sleep. One hundred soldiers are allowed to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night. During the day, the soldiers are tested for marksmanship on the firing range. What is the independent variable of the military experiment? . . . Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what differs between the two groups. Try again. Correct. The ammunition used Amount of sleep given Score on the firing range The number of soldiers Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what differs between the two groups. Try again. Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what differs between the two groups. Try again.

  32. back Variable Practice: USA Military The United States military wants to see if soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate at the same level as those who normally get 7 hours of sleep. One hundred solders are allowed to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night. During the day, the soldiers are tested for marksmanship on the firing range. What is the control group of the military experiment? Hmmm. Remember the control group are those who are not given the experimental treatment. Try again. Correct. Soldiers with 7 hours sleep Soldiers with 4 hours sleep Score on the firing range The number of soldiers Hmmm. Remember the control group are those who are not given the experimental treatment. Try again. Hmmm. Remember the control group are those who are not given the experimental treatment. Try again.

  33. back Variable Practice: USA Military The United States military wants to see if soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate at the same level as those who normally get 7 hours of sleep. One hundred solders are allowed to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night. During the day, the soldiers are tested for marksmanship on the firing range. What is the dependent variable of the military experiment? Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data collected. Try again. Hmmm. This was the independent variable. Try again. The ammunition used Amount of sleep given Score on the firing range The number of soldiers Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data collected. Try again. Correct.

  34. back Back to Our Experiment Let’s look at the blood pressures at the start of this experiment. Where’s the data Jerry? I have it right here Jane. At the start of the experiment, remember that everyone had their blood pressures measured. On average, both the control group and the experimental group had a systolic blood pressure of 120. This is a fairly healthy blood pressure. Click the “? Buttons” below to continue. ? ? next

  35. Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Day 15 Day 16 Day 17 Day 18 Day 19 Day 20 Day 21 Day 22 Day 23 Day 24 Day 25 Day 26 Day 27 Day 28 Day 29 back

  36. back 1 Month Later I’m so anxious. I hope our hypothesis was valid. Finally our experiment is finished. It’s been 30 days. Let’s see the data. After one month all 50 people returned to have their blood pressure examined. Click the “?” boxes below to reveal the results. Those who were not using Kobe-cyol maintained their healthy blood pressure of 120. However, those who used Kobe-cyol now had an average blood pressure of 145. Time to make our graph. ? ?

  37. A title needs to be clear to a reader. Avoid titles such as “Biology graph” and “Our data” because these titles don’t tell us what the graph really shows. Click on the good title. Now we need to label the X and Y axis. back Graphing the Data No. This is too vague. The results of a month long test Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Affects of Kobe-cyol on blood pressure Graphs makes our data easier to understand. Others will read our results once we share our findings. Pictures are worth a thousand words after all. We better be clear about the data. Let’s start with the title.

  38. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Again. Be specific. Which label is specific on the Y axis? Now for the X axis. Which is specific? Amount of what? This is too vague. Amount Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Be specific. Length of time (days) Length of time (days) Time

  39. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Now we gotta number the X axis for 30 days. Keep in mind our data. Control group: Start: 120 End: 120 Experiment group: Start: 120 End: 145 We must use equal intervals to number the Y axis. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  40. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Since we have two groups to graph, we need two different line patterns. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  41. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Since we have two groups to graph, we need two different line patterns. Solid line will represent the control group. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blood pressure values (mm Hg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  42. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Since we have two groups to graph, we need two different line patterns. Solid line will represent the control group. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 KEY Solid = control group Blood pressure values (mm Hg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  43. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Since we have two groups to graph, we need two different line patterns. Solid line will represent the control group. Dotted line will represent the experimental group. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 KEY Solid = control group Blood pressure values (mm Hg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  44. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Since we have two groups to graph, we need two different line patterns. Solid line will represent the control group. Dotted line will represent the experimental group. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 KEY Solid = control group dots = experi-mental group Blood pressure values (mm Hg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  45. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Now we are ready to fill in the graph itself. Let’s graph the people who used Kobe-cyol first. People who used Kobe-cyol (Experiment group): Start: 120 End: 145 Now connect the two dots. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 KEY Solid = control group dots = experi-mental group Blood pressure values (mm Hg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  46. back Graphing the Data Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Now let’s graph the people who did not use Kobe-cyol (Control group): Start: 120 End: 120 Now connect the dots. 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 KEY Solid = control group dots = experi-mental group Blood pressure values (mm Hg) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  47. back What is the data telling us? Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure The experimental group’s blood pressure increased. We need to examine what was different between Group A and Group B? Number of people? Exercise habits? Diet habits? Length of testing time? Type of medication taken? 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 correct KEY Solid = control group dots = experi-mental group different same correct different same Blood pressure values (mm Hg) correct different same correct different same different same correct 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Length of time (days)

  48. back What is the data telling us? same Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure Number of people Exercise habits Diet habits Length of testing time Type of medication taken Oh wow! Was Kobe-cyol responsible for the elevated blood pressure of the experimental group? same 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 same KEY Solid = control group dots = experi-mental group same different Blood pressure values (mm Hg) Correct! It was the only difference so it must be the cause. Yes 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 No Are you sure? The only difference between the groups was Kobe-cyol. Length of time (days)

  49. back What about the Hypothesis? Now that our graph is finished, what does it tell us about our hypothesis? If you forgot, the hypothesis was: If a person uses Kobe-cyol, then they may have higher than normal blood pressure. One experiment proves nothing. More tests are required to state this. Are you sure? The data agrees with the prediction. The hypothesis was proven correct. The hypothesis is proven wrong. The hypothesis appears wrong. The hypothesis appears valid. Correct. Are you sure? The data agrees with the prediction.

  50. back Stating a Conclusion I think we should take the 25 patients off Kobe-cyol immediately and continue to monitor their health. Wow! I know it is only 1 experiment, but we need to report our findings so others can check our work. A conclusion should be a clear and understandable summary of the main idea learned from the experiment. Be straight to the point. Which would be a good summary? Correct This may be true, but it is not the main idea learned. This may be true, but it doesn’t explain your results. Kobe-cyol was the independent variable of this experiment. Kobe-cyol makes people sick and unhealthy. Our experiment was valid and well deigned. Kobe-cyol raises the blood pressure of normal individuals. This may be true, but it is too vague.

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