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Exploration, Discovery, Settlement, and War 1492-1754

Exploration, Discovery, Settlement, and War 1492-1754. Covers Period 1 and 2. Period 1 1492-1607. New Would Beginnings and the Planting of British North America. The Peopling of America.

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Exploration, Discovery, Settlement, and War 1492-1754

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  1. Exploration, Discovery, Settlement, and War 1492-1754 Covers Period 1 and 2

  2. Period 1 1492-1607 New Would Beginnings and the Planting of British North America

  3. The Peopling of America • Started w/ Prehistoric migration using the land bridge (Beringia) between Eastern Siberia and Northern America during the last ice age. 31,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE. • The majority migrated between 25,000-15,000 BCE. • These people where not Asian, Siberia hunters followed animal herds. Those who migrated began to rapidly spread across the continent. • DNA of 80 of the first 1,000 to migration still found today.

  4. The Peopling of America • Neolithic Revolution in America-9,000 BCE –Farming in Meso-America: Oaxaca,Mexico -They grew Corn (Maize-Not Naturally Growing, had to be carried to be grown in different places.) 2500-1500 BCE: Maize is spread by Humans. Theory-with the spread of Maize, other Meso-American cultural characteristics are also spread. I.E. Human Sacrifice Environment Changes- With the growth of other crops like squash and beans, the land became more conducive to farming.

  5. Reasons for Exploration of New World • European demand for more and cheaper products • Search for New Routes to the East- Ottomans had a monopoly on trade routes • The 3 G’s- “Gold, Glory, Gospel” (Explorers wanted Gold and Glory/ missionaries wanted to convert Natives

  6. Effects of Exploration • Slave Trade needed for sugar plantations in the West Indies • Spread of disease- Again, “Guns, Germs, and Steel” killed 90% of population • Conflicting Claims- many European nations claimed the same area based on similar explorations • Papal Line of Demarcation (1493)- Pope Alexander VI divided the “new world” between Spain and Portugal • Treaty of Tordesilla (1494), which gave most of the “new world” in the Americas except Brazil to Spain. • The Colombian Exchange: • Dramatically widespread exchange of animal, plants, culture (including slaves), diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. • Effects: Cultural Diffusion, changes two worlds forever

  7. Demographics • Is the organization, classification, and diversity of a population. • Who makes up the population? Why does it change? • ”The New World” describes America continents during and after the age of exploration. • -Also refers to the “New” society made up of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans

  8. SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, convinced the King and Queen of Spain to fund an expedition to find a western route to the riches of Asia. HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS THROUGHOUT NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA AS WELL AS SEVERAL CARIBBEAN ISLANDS GUNS, HORSES AND STEEL WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO SPAIN’S SUCCESS AS THEY MADE THE SPANISH UNSTOPPABLE 9

  9. The French The Dutch In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano explored the Atlantic coast between Florida and Newfoundland and established relationships with Native American fur-trapping tribes In 1534 Jacques Cartier sailed the Lawrence river, solidified those relationships and created new ones with other Native American tribes Although the French tried to settle in Florida they were stopped by the Spanish Initially the French fished in the Atlantic for cod and salmon but fur trading yielded bigger profits The fur trade necessitated few settlers at first but by the mid 1600s the French controlled the interior of North America In 1609, Henry Hudson an Englishman hired by the Dutch arrived in North America and explored the river today known as the Hudson River. In 1624 the Dutch purchased what today is the island of Manhattan in New York from local Indians for the equivalent of $24. The Dutch named the area “New Amsterdam”. The Dutch West India Company established the colony of New Netherland when 30 families settled along the Delaware and Hudson rivers and Governor’s Island. The Dutch controlled this area until 1664 when the governor surrendered the territory to the British. New France and Louisiana far exceeded the size of the British colonies in area, but the area was extremely under-populated. By 1760, only 80,000 lived in New France, compared to over a million in the English colonies.

  10. The interaction between Europeans and Native Americans

  11. Spaniards brought Africans to the Americas Europeans, in their push for wealth, forced Native Americans to work as slaves in mines and in sugar cane fields As the native population fled or died from diseases, the Spaniards looked to Africa as a labor source Most of the Africans were from the west coast of Africa Slaves were taken first to the Caribbean and South America Eventually slavery was brought to North America

  12. Columbian Exchange DBQ Graphic Organizer Construction • Was the Columbian Exchange an overall positive event for the New World? • Work with a teammate to analyze the documents. • Create a graphic organizer that includes space for a relevant thesis to the prompt and an area for bringing together supporting evidence. • Create a space for extending the analysis beyond the documents provided.

  13. The Three Colonial Sections: One Society or Three? • Complete the Activity • What are you conclusions? • What does this mean for the development of society in North America?

  14. The British began to settle North America TENSION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SPAIN ESCALATED ENGLAND HAD TRIED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO COMPETE WITH THE SPANISH EMPIRE THROUGHOUT THE 1500s PIRACY ON THE PART OF THE ENGLISH YIELDED GREAT PROFITS AND FRANCIS DRAKE (LATER KNIGHTED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH I) FAMOUSLY PLUNDERED MUCH FROM SPANISH SHIPS IN 1580 PHILIP II OF SPAIN TOOK THE “INVINCIBLE ARMADA”, ABOUT 130 SHIPS, TO INVADE ENGLAND IN 1588 AND WAS DEFEATED. THIS LED TO ENGLISH DOMINANCE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC AND THE ABILITY TO EASILY NAVIGATE THE VOYAGE TO NORTH AMERICA

  15. Joint Stock Companies financed early British colonial expeditions to the “New World” Joint Stock Companies were groups of investors who pooled their financial resources together in order to subsidize voyages. If the colonization voyage made money, they shared the profit. If it lost money, they shared the loss.

  16. The “Lost Colony” First founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 in Roanoke Colony in North Carolina but later abandoned Second group of colonists to settle were led by John White in 1587 White went back to England for supplies, but due to tensions between Spain and England wasn’t able to return for 3 years When he came back, the settlers had vanished No one knows what happened to the settlers

  17. Jamestown, 1607 The first successful English colony The Virginia company of London received a charter from King James I of England to settle in the “New World”. This meant that they funded the expedition in hopes of finding wealth. The site chosen, on the banks of the James river consisted of harsh weather and diseases. Many of the original inhabitants died from starvation, disease, and Native American attacks.

  18. Southern Colonies

  19. “Cash Crops” in the south included (clockwise from top left), Sea Island cotton, indigo, rice, and tobacco

  20. Period 2 1607-1754

  21. Problems at Jamestown • Ships landed at wrong location; area marshy with malaria-causing mosquitoes and polluted water • Settlers were sure there was gold; they refused to plant crops or build shelters, instead they dug for gold and silver. • Most of the settlers were unaccustomed to any sort of labor, and they simply refused to work

  22. The “Starving Time” • Occurred during the winter of 1609 • Food shortages occurred partly because of harassment by the Powhatan Indians who were worried about increasing numbers of European settlers • Powhatans killed settlers’ livestock and harassed settlers trying to work in the fields • During “starving time” settlers ate roots, rats, snakes; they also dug up corpses for food, and one man was hanged for cannibalism. Two men caught stealing food were tied to posts and left to starve. • In 1610, the settlers were on the verge of abandoning Jamestown just as a supply ship arrived with new settlers and supplies. • Only 60 colonists survived the “Starving Time” winter.

  23. Captain John Smith Pocahontas According to legend, Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, saved John Smith from execution and became friends with him. While this story is somewhat uncertain, the Indian princess and the British leader did become friends until Smith returned to England. After the winter of 1607-08, only 30 out of the original 150 remained alive so Captain John Smith, ended up in charge of the colony. Smith forced the colonists to work, and developed a relationship with the Powhatan Indians after being taken prisoner and impressing their chief that he was a confident and strong person.

  24. John Rolfe • Tobacco grown in Jamestown was bitter and not in demand in Europe • John Rolfe smuggled another type of tobacco from Jamaica, which was more palatable to Europeans. • Soon, Jamestown tobacco became popular, and since all tobacco sold had to be sold through London, the crop was a financial windfall for both Jamestown and the mother country.

  25. Virginia Colony, 1619 Jamestown was first settled by the English in 1607, and its first years were marked by hardship and failure. The introduction of tobacco farming in 1616 saved the colony economically, because tobacco was in demand throughout Europe, and the mild strain developed in Virginia became popular. Under the impetus of the tobacco trade, Virginia colonists needed a labor pool to clear and work the land. In 1619, two institutions which would shape the history of the United States were introduced in Virginia: Representative government (the House of Burgesses) and African slavery.

  26. Virginia House of Burgesses First legislative body in the New World Originally created by the Virginia Company as a governmental reform First legislative body in the colonies Members first elected by all free males in the Virginia colony; later voters had to be landholders 27

  27. The Head right System Jamestown and Virginia had an abundance of land but a shortage of settlers The head right system gave land to Virginianswho brought more settlers to Jamestown. A head right was equal to 50 acres of land, and for each emigrant a colonist brought over, they would get two head rights. Wealthy colonists would pay for the emigrants journey to come to Virginia. The emigrants would then become “indentured servants” for a period of five to seven years to reimburse him for the costs of transportation. Emigrants who were able to pay their own way received one head right of land. The head right system worked well. The possibility of land ownership made many colonists work hard in order to acquire their own independence.

  28. Indentured Servants Beginnings of Slavery in Jamestown In 1619, a Dutch ship sold 20 African slaves to colonists at Jamestown. This was the beginning of slavery in the American colonies. While many of these blacks were eventually granted their freedom, other African slaves were later brought in. However, it took some time for Africans to be used on a large scale as slave labor. The price of a slave was extremely high, while indentured servants were less expensive. However, as the wealth of the colony increased and the number of available indentured servants declined, owning slaves became more economically desirable. The Middle Colonies generally relied on indentured servants to work the farms, rather than slave labor. Indentured servants were people (generally Europeans) who would work without wages for a period of time (usually seven years) in order to pay their passage. After the contract he would often practice the trade learned during his voluntary servitude.

  29. The shift to Royal Colonies • Tensions increased between white settlers and Powhatan Indians, especially after the death of Chief Powhatan • More than 340 white settlers were killed by Indians in raids • The Virginia Company nearly became bankrupt because of sending troops to stop Indian raids • James I was upset at the Virginia colony for giving political power to colonists through the House of Burgesses • James I revoked Virginia’s charter in 1624 and made it a royal colony under the control of the crown King James I

  30. Characteristics of English Empire • Types of Colonies: • Charter- • chartered trading companies made up of stock- holders who shared both the profits and the losses of the colonies (Virginia). • Proprietorships- • Royal grant of land to Royal favorites (Maryland- Lord Baltimore) • Royal- • ruled by the Crown of England (Georgia)

  31. Chesapeake Bay • Made up of Virginia and Maryland • Indentured servants were early labor source until Bacon’s Rebellion • John Rolfe (Jamestown) introduces tobacco and saves colony • Representative self- government- 1619- House of Burgesses (Early form of self-government) • Powhattan Confederacy: Neighboring Native American Tribe, fell victim to 3 D’s. Disease, Disorganization, Disposability

  32. Virginia Continued • Powhatan Confederacy was large and prosperous. But disease have terrible impact. • When the English demand food due to starvation, Powhatans decline the offer. English retaliate with violence. Trade does occur, eventually. • 1st Powhatan War (1609-1614)-Introduced brutal European tactics of warfare. • Causes-Encroachment , Growing English population. 1619-House of Burgessess set up, Growing autonomy in Virginia, English colonists in relationships with natives. 2ndPowhaten War- (1622) Virginia Company expands its operation and sought to get more people to the colony.

  33. Virginia Continued • H of B-Made of up top merchant planters, land owners who grew tobacco and benefitted from overworking servants. • High prices for the Tobacco level off, making it less profitable. Over time, they converted some land to grain and livestock and greatly improved their food supply and financial bottom line. • Improved conditions=Stability, but they relied on immigrant labor. • Last ¼ of the 1600’s mortality rates decline, but rebellions happen-Bacon’s, Cook’s (MD), Yeoman Farmers v. Rich Planters • -Result-Indentured Servitude replaced with Chattel Slavery because of economic revolution, stability, political changes.

  34. MD and VA key terms • MD (Lord Baltimore) Proprietorship • Acts of Toleration – guarantees religious toleration to all Christians ONLY • Not to Jews • Indentured Servants: Worked a period of 5-7 years in exchange for passage to America

  35. Life in Chesapeake • Shorter life span due to spread of disease • ½ people did not live until 20 • Few people had grandparents unlike New England Colonies • Tobacco exhausted land, -> people move west -> Native American land -> conflict • More tobacco = more land • Indentured Servants • Paid passage in exchange for several years service • Headright System • 50 acres of land to whoever (plantation owner) pays the passage of an immigrant (indentured servant) • Who does this benefit? Why?

  36. MOST OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES WERE PROPRIETARY AND/OR ROYAL VIRGINIA HAD MAJOR CLASS DIVISIONS FROM THE BEGINNING WITH A VERY RICH ELITE WHO OWNED SLAVES AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS COMPARED TO POORER PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THE BACK COUNTRY MARYLAND WAS FOUNDED BY CATHOLIC LORD BALTIMORE WHO INTEGRATED VIRGINIA’S EXPERIENCES WITH TOBACCO TO EXPAND THE INDUSTRY INCLUDING THE USE OF SLAVES AND INDENTURED SERVANTS THE CAROLINAS WERE GRANTED TO LORDS LOYAL TO KING CHARLES II. THEY SEPARATED OFFICIALLY IN 1712, AND NORTH CAROLINA TENDED TO BE POPULATED BY SELF-RELIANT SMALLER FARMERS WHILE SOUTH CAROLINA WAS HEAVILY RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR TO HARVEST RICE GEORGIA WAS THE LAST COLONY AND LARGELY SERVED AS A BUFFER ZONE BETWEEN SPANISH FLORIDA AND THE ENGLISH COLONIES. ORIGINALLY SLAVERY WAS BANNED WHICH HAMPERED ITS INITIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  37. Bacon’s Rebellion 1676: The start of widespread use of slavery Native Americans attacked colonists living in the Virginia frontier, an area populated primarily by poor settlers and indentured servants. Governor Berkeley denied the request for militia protection since the wealthy planters did not want to finance it. Bacon raised his own army, 1/3 of which was made up of debtors and landless settlers. After Berkeley declared the army illegal they marched on Jamestown demanding a meeting with colonial leaders, and when denied set the town on fire. Bacon mysteriously died a month later and the rebellion ended, however this event symbolized the tension between the wealthy planters and frontier settlers, as well as the continuing struggle over land with Native Americans.

  38. Bacon’s Rebellion (Virginia) • Event • Bacon’s crew goes on a killing spree of Natives, burns down Jamestown • Causes • More and more settlers didn’t have land (indentured servants, immigrants from Headright system) • Governor William Berkeley too friendly Native Americans, angers settlers • Effects • A new labor force- slaves from Africa. • Why? • Significance: • Shows class tensions between rich and poor

  39. Demographics • Southern colonies had fewer families. • More single men in the Chesapeake region via indentured servitude. Change over to slaves by 1725. • More of the larger families in New England.

  40. Demographics • Tobacco production exhausts the land, making the need for space essential, led to conflict with the native tribes. • Indentured Servitude-Most did not live to see the end of their service. High mortality rates make the system profitable. • First Africans end up at Jamestown in 1619. Slavery was considered too expensive prior to the creation of large plantations. Early slaves were both indentured servants and chattel slaves. Shift is causes by drop in death rates during the century and formal institutionalized racism. • 7% of slaves end up in America, rest go to the Caribbean and South America.

  41. Middle Passage • Part of the journey on the triangular trade • 20% of captives died on this part of the journey • Tight living quarters

  42. Africans in America Contd: • Rebellions did occur, although not frequently • Why? • New York City (1712): • Dozen whites are killed in rebellion, 21 blacks were executed • Stono River Uprising (South Carolina –1739) • 50 blacks rebelled and tried to go to Spanish Florida, stopped by militia • *****No slave revolt in history matched the scale of Bacon’s Rebellion****

  43. RELIGION WAS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE CREATION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

  44. Religion was the driving force behind the creation of the Northern colonies

  45. Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • Martin Luther’s 95 Theses (1517) divides Christianity • John Calvin (Calvinists): • Believed in predestination, God chose those that would be saved • Puritans: • Were Calvinists • Wanted to Purify the English (Anglican Church) of ALL Catholic rituals • Believed that only “Visible Saints” should be admitted to Church Membership • Separatists: Extreme Puritans who wanted to break away from Church of England all together • Harassed and want to leave England

  46. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Pilgrim leaders drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact- A simple agreement (not really a written constitution) to form a government and to submit to the will of the majority. • Promising step toward self- government because later adult male settlers assembled in town meetings. • John Winthrop- • Became colony’s first governor. • Declared that the purpose of the colony was to “be a city upon a hill” (COMMIT THIS TO MEMORY!!!) • The colonists believed that they had an agreement with God to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind. • Town Governments: • “Town Hall Meeting”: white, land-owning, male, church members

  47. The Pilgrims created an agreement about governing in the New World: The Mayflower Compact Basically stated that government exists with the “consent of the governed” The Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower agreed to accept and obey whatever laws the colonists agreed to create Pilgrims drew on belief of “social contract” and belief that covenants between men were as important as covenants made between God and man The Compact signified the importance that legitimate government exists with the consent of those ruled

  48. THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620 Pilgrims were also known as “Independents” or “Separatists” They were Anglicans who believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed, so they decided to leave to start their own religion Persecuted in England, they first went to Holland, and then left for the “New World”, founding the Plymouth Colony

  49. Plymouth Colony, 1620 Land grant acquired from Virginia Colony for religious separatists by Sir Edwin Sandys Pilgrims embarked from Holland aboard the Mayflower, intending to land on the mouth of the Hudson River. Storms blew them off-course, and instead they landed at Provincetown, and moved up to what became known as the Plymouth Colony. Early harsh winter and disease killed many of the early settlers In 1621, the Pilgrims entered into a treaty with the Wampanoag Indians, who taught them survival skills Pilgrims celebrated first Thanksgiving with Indians Plymouth Colony absorbed into Massachusetts Bay in 1691

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