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Increasing Sectionalism

Increasing Sectionalism. Chapter 12. The Slave Question. Section 1. New Territories. CA and NM applied for admission 1849 and 1850 Taylor had directed the states to accept or deny slavery in their constitutions CA banned it Clay offered Compromise of 1850

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Increasing Sectionalism

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  1. Increasing Sectionalism Chapter 12

  2. The Slave Question Section 1

  3. New Territories • CA and NM applied for admission 1849 and 1850 • Taylor had directed the states to accept or deny slavery in their constitutions • CA banned it • Clay offered Compromise of 1850 • NM and UT territories given popular sovereignty • Slavery banned in D.C. • Fugitive slave law strengthened

  4. A Sudden Change • Taylor died suddenly, Fillmore took over • Directed Douglas to break up Compromise into bills to pass • When the bills passed the votes were almost entirely collected by region • The controversial fugitive slave act created a board that could pursue and return slaves to owners • Citizens could be deputized to assist

  5. Resisting Fugitive Laws • Slaves increasingly escaped through the Underground Railroad • 9 northern states banned the use of officials or courts to return slaves • Fire-eaters expected North to assist in return of property • Slave literature blossomed during the period • Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Aunt Phillis’s Cabin

  6. Slavery and the South Section 2

  7. Economics of Slavery • 1840 South produced 2/3 of global cotton • 1790 the boundary of for slavery was GA • 1860 it was deep TX • Excess slaves increased the internal trade • Slaves would be transferred or sold • NOLA plantations were working slaves to death • 2/3 of the $100k incomes in the South were plantation owners

  8. The Plantation • Plantation class believed in virtue & honor • Dominated by rice planters—VA & LA • Bible used to justify slavery • Planters rarely saw the effects of slavery • Cotton and rice cultivation required different labor • 5% of plantations owned 50% of slaves

  9. The Reality • Maybe 25-30% of whites owned slaves • In the hills—10% • Average yeoman or northern farmer made 17X less than planter elite • Yeoman life miserable: • No social ladder, little education, militia service, no respect, no political access • But large powers had to gain votes of lower classes

  10. What Kind of South? • South was growing immensely: • 4th most prosperous economy • Higher per capita income than FR or GER • 2nd in railroad construction • 8 in 10 worked in agriculture • Manufacturing produced 10% of nation’s industrial output

  11. Slave Culture • Slaves slowly embraced Christianity • Combined animism and Islam • Children of Israel common theme • Slave marriages not recognized • Many saw control of their work schedules • Some free time allowed • Education, training, wandering, crops • Incentives for good behavior existed • Escape was unlikely

  12. The Free Black • 1840 14% were free blacks, 1860 less • ½ lived in North • Socially inferior: • Given lowest jobs, couldn’t vote, no schooling or seating or land claims • Some worked openly: • Founded schools, societies, or churches • Some became famous: Benjamin Banekar, Joshua Johnston

  13. New Politics & Territories Section 3

  14. New Territories, New States • Gold was discovered in CA 1848 • 1849 gold rush ensued • 1852 CA had 220,000 people • Strike-it-rich CA was full of mining camps, prostitution, and thousands of Chinese • Natives decimated • By 1850 both CA & NM applied for statehood • 1854 Congress took up the organization of KA and NB

  15. New Politics • Democrats swept election of 1852 with Pierce, a pro-southerner from NH • Whigs ran Gen. Scott • Pierce was expansionist: • Commercial ties with Japan, Gadsden Purchase, annexation of Cuba • Republican party grew out of fringes • New secrecy-oriented party, the Know-Nothings, were nativist and anti-corruption

  16. Parties and Conflict • Steven Douglas promoted eliminating MS Comp. in KA & NB—allow popular so. • KA-NB Act passed 1854 • Anti-Nebraska (or People’s), and Republican Parties formed or ex-Whigs and Free-Soilers • Democrats came under power of southern pro-slavers, but still counted on northern immigrant votes

  17. Bleeding Kansas • 1856 pro and anti-slavery sides organized migration to KA to influence vote • 2 governments claimed legitimacy: • Senate recognized pro-slavery gov’t • House recognized anti-slavery gov’t • Days after anti-slavery speech by Charles Sumner violence erupted • Preston Brooks beat him almost to death days later • Burning of buildings and settlements • Quasi-civil war dubbed Bleeding Kansas

  18. Caning of Charles Sumner

  19. Election of 1856 • Republican Party bloomed in the north • Replaced the Whigs • Ran western explorer Col. Fremont • “Free soil, Free speech, Free men, Fremont!” • Democrats ran Buchanan • Former secretary from PA who was pro-South • American Party (Know- Nothings) ran Fillmore • Gained over a 1/5 of votes

  20. Legacy of Dred Scott • 1856 a slave living who had lived in free territory sued for peace after master died • MS rejected, he appealed • Supreme Court led by Justice Taney ruled: • No slave could ever become free • Property brought to free state couldn’t be taken • NW Ord. & MO Compr. unconstitutional • 1857 Ableman v. Booth, declared Fugitive Slave Act, unconstitutional in WI • Supreme Court overruled

  21. America Divided Section 4

  22. Divergent Socities • Value of northern production near 3X the south by 1860 • Yet cotton made up 58% of exports • Over 30,000mi of track bound north to midwest • Southerners argued slavery was: • Moralizing, slaves were now Christian, and better treated than wage workers • Northerners saw the South trying to spread slavery everywhere

  23. Lincoln-Douglas • Lincoln ran against Douglas 1858 for Senate in IL • 7 debates became famous • Lincoln lost and was ridiculed for his “negro equality” and as a “black republican” • Republicans gained control of House in 1858 midterms • Democrats split into radical and moderate factions

  24. John Brown • During Bleeding Kansas 200 people died • including the son of John Brown, an ardent abolitionist • 1859 Brown, his sons and others raided the Harper’s Ferry Federal armory • Intended to size weapons, arm slaves • Federal troops under RE Lee killed 10 and arrested the rest • Tried and hung—unrepentant • Said, “the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood” as last words

  25. Election of 1860 • Democrats split into 3 parties: • Northern nominated Douglas • Southern ran Buchanan’s VP Breckinridge • Constitutionals ran John Bell • Republicans picked the moderate Lincoln • Only lost NJ in the north, won CA and OR • Lost all of the South • Secessionist rallies broke out before year’s end

  26. Secessionitis • Within 2 months of the election SC, FL, MS, AL, GA, LA and TX all seceded • Feb. 1861 their reps. Met in Montgomery, AL to form a new gov’t • Called it the Confederate States of America (CSA) • elected former senator Jefferson Davis as president • Crittendon Compromise proposed—rejected on both sides

  27. Fort Sumter • Lincoln’s inaugural asserted right to hold federal property in the South • Lincoln sent a non-military supply ship to aid Fort Sumter in Chas, SC • CSA officials demanded surrender of the Fort • April 12, 1861 they opened fire • Fort fell next day • Lincoln declared the lower south in a state of insurrection

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