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CHAPTER 3: Brain, Body, and Behavior

CHAPTER 3: Brain, Body, and Behavior. Examining the Brain -- Brain controls every thought, action, and feeling we have-- Most demanding organ of body -- Brain uses 20% oxygen, brain needs 125-150 grams of sugar per day to function, and 20 watts of electrical power.

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CHAPTER 3: Brain, Body, and Behavior

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  1. CHAPTER 3:Brain, Body, and Behavior Examining the Brain -- Brain controls every thought, action, and feeling we have-- Most demanding organ of body -- Brain uses 20% oxygen, brain needs 125-150 grams of sugar per day to function, and 20 watts of electrical power

  2. Brain divided into two halves (each 1/2 is a hemisphere) Each one controls the opposite side of body Fissure: middle, indentation, goes front and back, depression in brain Corpus Callusom : if you pull two hemispheres apart you see bundle of fibers: -- this contains several million nerve fibers that help the 1/2’s communicate II. Hemispheres

  3. Frontal Lobe: Front most part Motor Strip: every part of body capable of moving Parietal Lobe: 1. Area behind the frontal lobe 2. Sensory strip: if stimulated, person feels sensations in different areas (leg, arm, ear, etc.) LobesBrain is divided into 4 sections or lobes

  4. III. Lobes continued • Occipital Lobe: --very back of brain --makes sense out of what we see • Temporal Lobe: --part looks like thumb --contains major center for hearing, speech, language E. Brain sits in fluid that acts like shock absorber, giving it room to move back and forth

  5. IV. Frontal Association Area • Interpret what is going on and tell us what to do and feel and how to react • Core of person’s personality • Size of FAA reflects intelligence level of species • Social control/environment • Phineas P. Gage

  6. V. Hemispheres • Everyone has a dominant hemisphere (one is always preferred) • Not inherited • Ambidextrous (left and right handed) • Right vs. Left • 1. Intelligence about the same for both • 2. Right is better in art, music, acting, math, emotions, spacial reasoning • 3. Left is better in speech, language, logic, writing, verbal

  7. VI. Cerebral Cortex and Lower Brain • Hemisphere, lobes, FAA are all parts of the Cerebral Cortex • Outermost layer of brain • Controls high level thought • Cerebral means intelligence: 2/3 nerve cells • Cortex means bark (layer of bark on a tree)

  8. VI. Continued • Thalamus: relay station to send incoming and outgoing messages to and from brain • Cerebellum: whenever you move, it makes sure you stay on balance, remain coordinated, and get you where you want to go

  9. VI. Continued C. Hypothalamus: 1. Sits below thalamus 2. Size of a large pea 3. Controls rage, pleasure, hunger, thirst, and sexual drive • Reticular Activating System (RAS) 1. Base of brain inside spinal cord 2. Regulates how alert and sleepy we are 3. Blow could cause unconsciousness

  10. VII. Brain Communication • All parts need to communicate • How do we get these parts to talk? • We need many nerve cells that are separate but still able to alternate signals from one to another

  11. 1. Neurons • Each nerve cell separated • Body has fibers sticking out • Shorter are DENDRITES (receive information from other nerve cells and send it through axon • Longer are AXONS (carries messages from cell to other neurons)

  12. 2. Synapse • Space between endings of axon and waiting dendrites

  13. Neurotransmitters • Vesicles: where axon ends just before synapses (Filled with small containers look like bubbles) • Inside sits 1000’s of chemical “messengers” • Molecules are called neurotransmitters b/c they send nerve information from one end of axon over synapses to dendrite receptors

  14. Acetylocholine: a neurotransmitter used to send information • Dopamine: a neurotransmitter • A deficiency in this causes Alzheimers and Parkinson’s --controls movement c. Endorphins: neurotransmitter that relieves pain, increase sense of well-being (morphine) p. 78 • Spinal Cord: • All nerve impulses must enter and leave spinal cord • In 1st stage of emergency, spinal cord reacts before brain 3. Example: head cut off of frog

  15. VIII. Glandular System • Messages: some need to stay in system • These messages are called hormones (turn other parts of body) • These chemicals are held in glands • All glands and chemicals messages are part of the endocrine system

  16. VIII. continued • Pituitary Gland: • Master gland • Controlled by hypothalamus • Sends messages that start other glands • Decide how tall and short we are • Makes growth hormone

  17. Thyroid Gland Controls metabolism (speed at which body operates) Plays a big role in suicide (April/May) Adrenal Gland 1. Right and left side of body, above navel and to back 2. Over-excited body 3. Produce adrenaline: prepares us for emergency Breathing rapid, blood pressure goes up, muscles tense, sugar dumps into system, armpits and feet sweat, blood clots faster Gonads Sex glands: male sperm or eggs for reproduction Male = adrogen Female = estrogen Both male and female have both Sex drive started by hormone, taken over by cerebral cortex which makes it social, symbolic, and physical Glands continued

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