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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. DEF: the process of forming impressions of others Factors that influence perception: physical appearance, cognitive schemas, stereotypes, and subjectivity.

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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others

  2. DEF: the process of forming impressions of others • Factors that influence perception: physical appearance, cognitive schemas, stereotypes, and subjectivity PERSON PERCEPTION

  3. We attach desirable personality characteristics to the good looking • We tend to view the attractive as more intelligent • Baby-faced people are seen as honest, submissive, and naïve • Chameleon effect: tendency to unintentionally mimic other’s movements EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

  4. Social schemas: organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people • Helps to process info COGNITIVE SCHEMAS

  5. DEF: widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics b/c of their membership in a particular group • Commonly based on sex, age, ethnic, or occupational group • Broad overgeneralizations; inaccurate STEREOTYPES

  6. Illusory correlation: when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association btwn social traits than they have actually seen • We recall facts that fit our schemas and stereotypes SUBJECTIVITY IN PERSON PERCEPTION

  7. Helps to separate friend from foe • Ingroup: a group that one belongs to and identifies with • Outgroup: group that on does not belong to or identify with EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON BIAS

  8. ATTRIBUTION PROCESSES Attributions are inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others’ behavior, and their own behavior

  9. Internal attributions: ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings • External attributions: ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL

  10. Harold H. Kelley • Assumes that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when the behavior takes place and absent when it does not • Consider 3 types of info: • 1) Consistency • 2) Distinctiveness • 3) Consensus KELLEY’S COVARIATION MODEL

  11. Bernard Weiner • Believes people often focus on the stability of the causes underlying behavior • Stable-unstable dimension to attribution ATTRIBUTIONS FOR FAILURE AND SUCCESS

  12. Fundamental attribution error: observers’ bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others’ behavior • Observers may not know history of actor to make correct judgment about the behavior being seen ACTOR-OBSERVER BIAS

  13. DEF: tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way • Attributes negative traits on the victim DEFENSIVE ATTRIBUTION

  14. DEF: tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors • Observers attribute your failures to your internal factors; actor will blame external factors SELF-SERVING BIAS

  15. Cultural differences in individualism and collectivism • Individualism: putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership • Collectivism: putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to CULTURE & ATTRIBUTION

  16. CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS: LIKING AND LOVE Interpersonal attraction refers to positive feelings toward another

  17. Physical attractiveness influences course of commitment • Matching hypothesis: proposes that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS

  18. Do “opposites attract”? • NO • Couples tend to be similar in almost every aspect SIMILARITY EFFECTS

  19. Reciprocity: liking those who show that they like you • Flattery will get you somewhere • Couples will tend to “idealize” their partner RECIPROCITY EFFECTS

  20. PERSPECTIVES ON THE MYSTERY OF LOVE Blah, blah, blah

  21. DEF: a complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion PASSIONATE LOVE

  22. DEF: warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own • Divided into: • Intimacy: warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship • Commitment: intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise COMPANIONATE LOVE

  23. Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver • Attachment to caregiver as an infant translates to romantic relationships in adulthood • Secure-attachment leads to secure relationships • Anxious-ambivalent = intensely emotional relationships • Avoidant = casual sex LOVE AS ATTACHMENT

  24. Passionate love in a romantic relationship is not a pan-cultural emphasis • Arranged marriages still exist today CULTURE AND CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

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