Vocal Mechanism Chapter 5

1. Vocal MechanismChapter 5 Perry C. Hanavan, AuD

2. Cultures The Jimi Hendrix of Mongolia Incredible Human Machine Steven Tyler Wall of Sound Naturally 7 Dr. Patricia Kuhl: Linguist Genius of Babies

3. Question The larynx is the: • Voice box • Throat • Esophagus • Nasal passage • Oral cavity

4. Practice Labeling

5. Review

6. Swallowing Reflex • Bolus of food triggers reflex as it passes tongue above larynx • Larynx elevates • Epiglottis drops down to cover aditus (opening to larynx from pharynx) • Tight adduction of folds

7. Vocal Fold Functions

8. Laryngeal Function for Speech • Attack • Simultaneous • Breathy • Glottal • Termination • Sustained phonation • Vocal register • Whispering

9. Laryngeal Function for Speech • Attack - process of bringing folds together for phonation, requires muscles (three types): • Simultaneous - adduction and onset of exhalation occurs together • Breathy - airflow begins before phonation “hope”, Breathy phonation - failure to completely close folds • Glottal- used when word begins with stressed vowel, normal process (Hard glottal attack – damaging) • Termination - process of fold retraction (abduction) • Sustained phonation - requires maintenance of tonic (sustained tensing) of musculature (actual phonation does not require repeated adduction and abduction)

10. Phonatory System

11. Larynx

12. Question The only bone of the larynx is: • Thyroid • Cricoid • Arytenoid(s) • Epiglottis • Hyoid

13. Larynx

14. Question The vocalis muscle attaches to: • Thyroid • Cricoid • Arytenoid(s) • B and C • A and C

15. Question The largest cartilage is the: • Thyroid • Cricoid • Arytenoid(s) • Mandible • Hyoid

16. Larynx

17. Question To close or bring together: • Abduct • Adduct • Neither

18. Vocal Folds

19. Muscles of Larynx • Extrinsic • Have one point of attachment to larynx and other attachment other structure • Intrinsic • Have origin and insertion within larynx

20. Question The vocalis is an ____ laryngeal muscle: • Extrinsic • Intrinsic • Both • Neither

21. The Vocal Folds

22. Developmental

23. Vocal Length Change with Age

24. Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory • Model describing voice production (phonation) as a combination of: • Muscle force (myo) • Tissue elasticity (elasticity) • Pressures and flows (aerodynamic) • The Bernoulli Effect: the Physics Behind Your Voice - YouTube

25. Mucosal Wave • Examples • Mucosal Waves • Mucosal Wave • Asymmetrical Mucosal Wave • Spasmodic dysphonia

26. Mucosal Wave • Vertical phase difference • Longitudinal phase difference

27. Question The Bernoulli principle: • As velocity increases, pressure decreases • As velocity decreases, pressure increases • As velocity increases, pressure increases • As velocity decreases, pressure decreases • A and B are true • C and D are true

28. Bernoulli Principle • As flow increases, pressure decreases • Subglottal air pressure increases and forces vocal folds to abduct • Rapid flow of air through glottal space decreases pressure in the glottis and vocal folds close

29. Phonation: Glottal Spectrum • Determined by mass, length, and tension • Changes throughout utterance (question vs. statement, etc.) • Males Fo (80-150) • Females Fo (180-250) • Children Fo (250-300)

30. Glottal Spectrum • Glottal Fo with harmonics • Does not represent what is heard due to vocal tract modulation • The Fo corresponds to the perceived pitch of the voice • The harmonics contribute to the quality of the voice

31. Fo & Harmonic Spacing • Adult Male • Adult Female • Child

32. Roll Off--Fo

33. Question Who has the largest harmonic spaces (distance between harmonics)? • Males • Females • Young girls • Young boys • C & D

34. Voice Quality • Cycle-to-cycle variations in frequency and amplitude can occur from several factors: • Neurologic • Biomechanic • Aerodynamic • Hearing loss (inadequate feedback system)

35. Voice Quality • Hyperadducted • Hypoadducted

36. Vocal Registers • Vocal register - differences in mode of vibration of vocal folds • Modal register - pattern of phonation used in daily conversations • Glottal fry- (rough voice) vibrating portion flaccid, lateral portion tensed resulting in strong medial compression with short, thick folds and low glottal pressure • Falsetto - long and extremely thin folds • Whistle register- turbulence on edge of vocal folds • Whispering - not actually phonatory because no voicing partially adducted and tensed to produce turbulence, strenuous and fatiguing

37. Vocal Registers

38. Glottal Fry • Also known as pulse register or Strohbass (straw bass) • Vocal folds vibrate between 30 and 90 Hz • Frying pan sound of eggs frying • Low subglottal pressure • Tension of the vocalis is significantly reduced relative to modal vibration, so that the vibrating margin is flaccid and thick. The lateral portion of folds is tensed creating thick folds • Example

39. Glottal Fry Vocal Fry

40. Falsetto • A singing technique that produces sounds that are pitched higher than the singer's normal range • Vocal folds lengthened and become extremely thin • expansion and separation of vocal cords, in which case, only the edges of the vocal cord vibrate, not the entire vocal cord • used by male countertenors to sing in the alto range, before women sang in choirs. • It is a very common technique in soul music, and has also been made popular in heavy metal • How to sing falsetto • Falsetto Voice Phrases

41. Whistle Register • Register above falsetto • (flageolet register) is the highest register of the human voice • Up to 2500 Hz in females • Product of turbulence on the edge of the vocal fold • Not considered a mode of vibration as product of turbulence • Mariah Carey • Mariah Carey

42. Whispering • Not a phonatory mode • Voicing removed • Mariah Carey

43. Whistle and Falsetto • Elton John perfoms Benny and The Jets on Soul Train (falsetto) • Mariah Carey's Whistle Register Collection

44. Vocal Fry • Vocal fry: Why talking like Kim Kardashian and Katy Perry is bad for your health • What Is Vocal Fry & Is It Bad For You?

45. Abnormal Voice • Dysphonia - • generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of quality, pitch, and/or loudness • Spasmodic Dysphonia - Muscle Tension Dysphonia - Optimal Breathing Voice Training • Spasmodic dysphonia • Hoarseness Explained Medical Course

46. Question Maintaining childhood pitch despite having passed through puberty… • Aphonia • Puberphonia • Phonia fear • Non-phonia

47. Puberphonia • Maintenance of the childhood pitch despite having passed through puberty • Puberphonia • Other voice disorders

48. Abnormal Voice • Breathy Voice • Hoarse/Rough Voice

49. FO & Hearing Loss • Leder SB, Spitzer JB, Kirchner JC. Ann OtolRhinolLaryngol. 1987 May-Jun;96(3 Pt 1):322-4. • Speaking fundamental frequency of postlingually profoundly deaf adult men.Investigated speaking fundamental frequency (F0) of 21 postlingually profoundly sensorineurally deaf males • Speaking F0 was significantly higher for the deaf group than for normal-hearing, age-matched men. • Neither duration of profound deafness nor hearing aid usage affected speaking F0 values significantly.

50. Hearing vs. Hearing Loss J AcoustSoc Am. 1982 Jan;71(1):196-202. Long-term average speech spectra for normal and hearing-impaired adolescents.Monsen RB.Spectra characterized by regular pattern of peaks occurring at multiples of the talkers' fundamental frequencies and by slopes declining at rates of -5 to -6 dB/octave. Adolescents with HL produced spectra for which the harmonic structure ranged from very well defined to the irregular and poorly defined; spectral slopes declined at rates equal to or greater than the normal rate, in some cases declining at twice the normal rate.