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Elizabethan English

Elizabethan English. Please put these notes in the Literature section of your notebook. Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird 1960.

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Elizabethan English

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  1. Elizabethan English Please put these notes in the Literature section of your notebook.

  2. Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird 1960 When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow. When it healed, and Jem's fears of never being able to play football were assuaged, he was seldom self-conscious about his injury. His left arm was somewhat shorter than his right; when he stood or walked, the back of his hand was at right angles to his body, his thumb parallel to his thigh. He couldn't have cared less, so long as he could pass and punt.

  3. Dicken’s A Tale of Two Cities, 1859 It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way--in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.

  4. Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” 1594 • PUCK If we shadows have offended, Think but this, and all is mended, That you have but slumber'd here While these visions did appear. And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream, Gentles, do not reprehend: if you pardon, we will mend: And, as I am an honest Puck, If we have unearned luck Now to 'scape the serpent's tongue, We will make amends ere long; Else the Puck a liar call; So, good night unto you all. Give me your hands, if we be friends, And Robin shall restore amends.

  5. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, 1400

  6. Old EnglishBeowulf 1000

  7. Thou, Thee, Thy , and Thine • There is no mystery when you see these words in Shakespeare or in the Bible. • Nowadays, we use “you” to mean the second person singular and plural. Sometimes, we use “you guys” or “y’all” for the plural. • “Thou” used to be singular, and “you” was plural.

  8. Elizabethan English Singular Thou Thee Thy Thine Elizabethan English Plural Ye (subject) You (object) Your yours Singular and Plural • Modern English • Singular and Plural • You • You • Your • Yours

  9. SUBJECT OBJECT POSS 1st singular I Me My (or mine) plural We Us Our (or ours) 2nd singular Thou Thee Thy (or thine) plural Ye You Your (or yours) 3rd singular He/She/It Him/Her/It His/Hers/Its plural They Them Their (or theirs) NOM=nominative = case of the subject OBJ=objective = case of the object of the verb, indirect object of the verb or object of a preposition POSS=possessive = case of possessing or sourcing.

  10. Hint for using Elizabethan English • Use “Thou” where you would use “I” • Use “Thee” where you would use “me” • Use “Thy” where you would use “my” • Use “Thine” where you would use “mine” • Use “Ye” where your would use “we” • Use “You” where you would use “us”

  11. PresentModern you are have will can shall do Present old thou art hast wilt canst shalt dost Past old thou wast hadst wouldst couldst shouldst didst The Verbs • If the subject is “Thou”, you will often add -est, -'st, or st to the verb. • If you have a verb phrase (helping verbs before the main verb), change the ending of the first helping verb. You would never change two verbs that are next to each other.

  12. The Verbs • Third Person Singular (he, she, it, Hermia, Theseus) often substitutes -th for -s. Again, this is only for present tense verbs. If you have a verb phrase (helping verbs before the main verb), change the ending of the first helping verb.

  13. Maid – young woman Knave – bad guy Ere – before An – if Fair – beautiful Hark! – Listen Visage – face (noun) Hither - here Thither - there Whither – where Forsooth – Truthfully Common Contractions 'tis ~ it isope ~ openo'er ~ overgi' ~ givene'er ~ neveri' ~ ine'er ~ everoft ~ oftena' ~ hee'en ~ even Common Shakespearean Words

  14. Examples • You are a student. • Thou art a student. • She brings you a donut every day. • She bringeth thee a donut every day. • He has your book. • He hath thy book. • You already had yours. • Thou already hadst thine.

  15. More Examples • Your brother will give you a ride there. • How are you today? • Where do you live? • Before you eat, you should wash your hands.

  16. More Examples • Your brother will give you a ride there. • Thy brother wilt give thee a ride thither. • How are you today? • How art thou today? • Where do you live? • Wither does thou live? • Before you eat, you should wash your hands. • Ere thou eatest, thou shouldst wash thy hands.

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