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Introduction to Routing IPv6 Rick Graziani Computer Networking Instructor Cabrillo College

Introduction to Routing IPv6 Rick Graziani Computer Networking Instructor Cabrillo College. IPv6: The Protocol Review from Introduction to IPv6. Version. IHL. Type of Service. Total Length. Version. Traffic Class. Flow Label. Identification. Flags. Fragment Offset.

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Introduction to Routing IPv6 Rick Graziani Computer Networking Instructor Cabrillo College

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  1. Introduction to Routing IPv6 • Rick Graziani • Computer Networking Instructor • Cabrillo College

  2. IPv6: The Protocol Review from Introduction to IPv6

  3. Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Version Traffic Class Flow Label Identification Flags Fragment Offset Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address Source Address Destination Address Options Padding Destination Address IPv4 IPv6 • Many important differences including: • Larger Address Space • Use of Neighbor Discovery Protocol for discovery of prefix, prefix length, default gateway, duplicate address detection, and MAC address resolution. • Automatic address configuration without using DHCP (DHCPv6 is still an option) • No en route fragmentation: only the source node can fragment • Increased default MTU Field’sName Kept from IPv4 to IPv6 Fields Not Kept in IPv6 Name and Position Changed in IPv6 New Field in IPv6 Legend

  4. IPv6 Address Notation • 128-bit IPv6 addresses are represented in: • Eight 16-bit segments • Hexadecimal (non-case sensitive) between 0000 and FFFF • Separated by colons • Example: • 3ffe:1944:0100:000a:0000:00bc:2500:0d0b One Hex digit = 4 bits

  5. Rule 1: Leading 0’s • Two rules for reducing the size of written IPv6 addresses. • The first rule is: • The leading zeroes in any 16-bit segment do not have to be written. • Example • 3ffe : 1944 : 0100 : 000a : 0000 : 00bc : 2500 : 0d0b • 3ffe : 1944 : 100 : a : 0 : bc : 2500 : d0b

  6. Rule 2: Double colon :: equals 0000…0000 • The second rule can reduce this address even further: • Any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments consisting of all zeroes can be represented with a double colon. ff02 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0005 ff02 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 5 ff02 : : 5 ff02::5

  7. Network Prefixes • IPv4, the prefix—the network portion of the address—can be identified by a dotted decimal netmask or bitcount. 255.255.255.0 or /24 • IPv6 prefixes are always identified by bitcount (prefix length). • Prefix length notation: 3ffe:1944:100:a::/64 16 32 48 64 bits

  8. All 0’s IPv6 Address • All zeroes IPv6 address can be written with a double colon :: • There are two cases where an all-zeroes address is used. 1. Default address, address is all zeroes and the prefix length is zero: ::/0 2. Unspecified address, which is used in some Neighbor Discovery Protocol procedures (later). • An unspecified address is a filler, indicating the absence of a real IPv6 address. • When writing an unspecified address, it is differentiated from a default address by its prefix length: ::/128

  9. IPv6 Loopback Address • Equivalent to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4 • This address is used when a host talks to itself. • Loopback or Local Host Address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1/128 or ::1/128

  10. Interface Identifiers in IPv6 Addresses • In IPv6, a link is a network medium over which network nodes communicate using the link layer. • Interface identifiers (IDs) in IPv6 addresses: • Used to identify a unique interface on a link • Thought of as the “host portion” of an IPv6 address. • 64 bits: To support both 48 bit and 64 bit IEEE MAC addresses • Required to be unique on a link • Subnets using auto addressing must be /64s. • There may be an option for DHCP and static subnets. • Static or Dynamic (next)

  11. Automatic EUI-64 option for Ethernet Interface ID Example coming soon! Determined from Neighbor Discovery Router Advertisement (autoconfig) or statically (eui-64) 3BA7:94FF:FE07:CBD0

  12. Three types of IPv6 Addresses • The three types of IPv6 address follow: • 1. Unicast • Global Unicast • Globally unique • Routed globally with no modification • Link Local Unicast • Unique Local Address • 2. Multicast • 3. Anycast • Unlike IPv4, there is no IPv6 broadcast address. • There is, however, an "all nodes" multicast address, which serves essentially the same purpose as a broadcast address.

  13. IPv6 Address Types http://www.ripe.net/lir-services/resource-management/ipv6/ipv6-address-types

  14. Link-Local Scope Multicast Addresses

  15. Subnetting IPv6 2340:1111:AAAA::/48 • A typical IPv6 site prefix will be /48 • This creates a 16 bit subnet part of the address structure • Allows for 216, or 65,536, subnets! • There are no concerns about needing an all 0’s or all 1’s subnet in IPv6! • 64 bit host field allows for 264 hosts per subnet. • More than 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 addresses per subnet. • Allows of the automatic IPv6 address assignment features to work well (later).

  16. Subnetting IPv6 /64 • 4 specific subnets to be used inside Company1: • 2340:1111:AAAA:0001::/64 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0002::/64 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0003::/64 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0004::/64 • Note: A valid abbreviation is to remove the 3 leading 0’s from the first shown quartet. • 2340:1111:AAAA:1::/64

  17. Preparing an IPv6 Addressing Plan ripe.net/training/material/IPv6-for-LIRs-Training.../IPv6_addr_plan4.pdf

  18. Routing IPv6

  19. IPv6 Routing Protocols • Exactly the same as IPv4 routing protocols only different. • We will only discuss the first three: • IPv6 Static routes • OSPFv3 (defined in RFC 5340, OSPF for IPv6) • EIGRP for IPv6 • RIP next generation (RIPng) (defined in RFC 2080, RIPng for IPv6) • Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 (MP-BGP4 or MBGP) (defined in RFC 2545, Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing, and RFC 4760, Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4)

  20. Interface Configuration

  21. Our Topology • 2340:1111:AAAA:0102::/64 Fa0/0 Using /64’s on Point-to-Point serial links just for simplicity DCE S0/0/1 S0/0/0 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0A01::/64 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0A02::/64 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0B01::/64 DCE S0/0/0 S0/0/1 DCE S0/1/0 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0A03::/64 S0/0/0 DCE S0/0/0 S0/0/1 DCE S0/1/1 S0/0/1 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0B02::/64 Fa0/0 Fa0/0 Fa0/0 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0101::/64 • 2340:1111:AAAA:0103::/64 • 4444:0000:0000:4001::/64

  22. ipv6 unicast-routing • ipv6 unicast-routing global configuration command • Enables IPv6 routing • Required before any ipv6 routing protocol can be configured • Note: We will not be discussing RIPng (RIP for IPv6) R1(config)# ipv6 router rip luigi % IPv6 routing not enabled R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing R1(config)# ipv6 router rip luigi R1(config-rtr)#

  23. Just to make life easier…. R1(config)# line con 0 R1(config-line)# logging synchronous R1(config-line)# exec-timeout 0 0 R1(config-line)# exit R1(config)# no ip domain-lookup

  24. R1 ipv6 unicast-routing interface FastEthernet0/0 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:101::1/64 ! interface Serial0/0/0 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1/64 clock rate 64000 ! interface Serial0/0/1 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:A03::1/64

  25. R2 ipv6 unicast-routing interface FastEthernet0/0 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:102::1/64 ! interface Serial0/0/0 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::2/64 ! interface Serial0/0/1 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:A02::1/64 clock rate 64000

  26. ipv6 unicast-routing interface FastEthernet0/0 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:103::1/64 ! interface Serial0/0/0 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:A03::2/64 clock rate 64000 ! interface Serial0/0/1 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:A02::2/64 ! interface Serial0/1/0 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:B01::1/64 clock rate 64000 ! interface Serial0/1/1 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:B02::1/64 clock rate 64000 R3

  27. R4 ipv6 unicast-routing interface FastEthernet0/0 no ip address ipv6 address 4444:0:0:4001::1/64 ! interface Serial0/0/0 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:B01::2/64 ! interface Serial0/0/1 no ip address ipv6 address 2340:1111:AAAA:B02::2/64

  28. Verify R1# show ip inter brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset up up FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down Serial0/0/0 unassigned YES unset up up Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES unset up up R1# R1# show ipv6 inter brief FastEthernet0/0 [up/up] FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8 2340:1111:AAAA:101::1 FastEthernet0/1 [administratively down/down] Serial0/0/0 [up/up] FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1 Serial0/0/1 [up/up] FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8 2340:1111:AAAA:A03::1 R1#

  29. Verify R1 #ping 2340:1111:AAAA:0A01::2 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::2, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/28 ms R1#

  30. Verify R1# debug ipv6 packet IPv6 unicast packet debugging is on R1# ping 2340:1111:AAAA:0A01::2 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::2, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/28 ms R1# *Jun 19 16:19:13.181: IPv6: SAS picked source 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1 for 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::2 (Serial0/0/0) *Jun 19 16:19:13.181: IPV6: source 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1 (local) *Jun 19 16:19:13.181: dest 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::2 (Serial0/0/0) *Jun 19 16:19:13.181: traffic class 0, flow 0x0, len 100+0, prot 58, hops 64, originating Jun 19 16:19:13.241: IPV6: source 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::2 (Serial0/0/0) *Jun 19 16:19:13.241: dest 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1 *Jun 19 16:19:13.241: traffic class 0, flow 0x0, len 100+4, prot 58, hops 64, forward to ulp R1# un all ICMPv6

  31. Link-local Addresses • Scope is confined to a single link. • Uniqueness is assured only on one link. • Not routable off the link • Device can determine its own link local IPv6 address without needing to communicate with any other device • Ethernet link-local address uses MAC-address (EUI-64) for Interface ID • Considered best practice to statically configure link local address (Interface ID) on serial interfaces (later). R1# show ipv6 inter brief FastEthernet0/0 [up/up] FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8 2340:1111:AAAA:101::1 FastEthernet0/1 [administratively down/down] Serial0/0/0 [up/up] FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1 Serial0/0/1 [up/up] FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8 2340:1111:AAAA:A03::1 R1#

  32. Link-local Addresses R1# show inter fa 0/0 FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is MV96340 Ethernet, address is 001b.0cc2.82d8 (bia 001b.0cc2.82d8) <output omitted for brevity> R1# show ipv6 inter fa 0/0 FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8 No Virtual link-local address(es): Global unicastaddress(es): 2340:1111:AAAA:101::1, subnet is 2340:1111:AAAA:101::/64 <output omitted for brevity> 48 bit MAC Address: 001b.0cc2.82d8 0 0 1 b . 0 cc 2 . 8 2 d 8 0000 0000 0001 1011 . 0000 1100 1100 0010 . 1000 0010 1101 1000 0000 0000 0001 1011 . 0000 1100 11111111 11111110 1100 0010 . 1000 0010 1101 1000 0000 0010 0001 1011 . 0000 1100 11111111 11111110 1100 0010 . 1000 0010 1101 1000 0 2 1 b . 0 cF F F E c 2 . 8 2 d 8 link-local address is FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8

  33. Static Link-local R1(config)# inter ser 0/0/0 R1(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::1 ? link-local Use link-local address R1(config)# inter ser 0/0/0 R1(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::1 link-local R1(config)# inter ser 0/0/1 R1(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::1 link-local R1# show ipv6 inter brief FastEthernet0/0 [up/up] FE80::21B:CFF:FEC2:82D8 2340:1111:AAAA:101::1 FastEthernet0/1 [administratively down/down] Serial0/0/0 [up/up] FE80::1 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1 Serial0/0/1 [up/up] FE80::1 2340:1111:AAAA:A03::1 R1# • Unique on the link • Used Router Number for simplicity • R1: FE80::1

  34. Static Link-local R2(config)# inter ser 0/0/0 R2(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::2 link-local R2(config)# inter ser 0/0/1 R2(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::2 link-local R3(config)# inter ser 0/0/0 R3(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::3 link-local R3(config)# inter ser 0/0/1 R3(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::3 link-local R3(config)# inter ser 0/1/0 R3(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::3 link-local R3(config)# inter ser 0/1/1 R3(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::3 link-local R4(config)# inter ser 0/0/0 R4(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::4 link-local R4(config)# inter ser 0/0/1 R4(config-if)# ipv6 add fe80::4 link-local

  35. R1# show ipv6 route IPv6 Routing Table - 8 entries Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP U - Per-user Static route C 2340:1111:AAAA:101::/64 [0/0] via ::, FastEthernet0/0 L 2340:1111:AAAA:101::1/128 [0/0] via ::, FastEthernet0/0 C 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::/64 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/0 L 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1/128 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/0 C 2340:1111:AAAA:A03::/64 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/1 L 2340:1111:AAAA:A03::1/128 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/1 L FE80::/10 [0/0] via ::, Null0 L FF00::/8 [0/0] via ::, Null0 R1# R1# show ipv6 inter brief <output omitted for brevity> Serial0/0/0 [up/up] FE80::1 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1 Serial0/0/1 [up/up] FE80::1 2340:1111:AAAA:A03::1 • Due to the nature of link-local addresses, the specific FE80::/10 prefix (link local networks) does not appear in the routing table • L = Local not Link-local

  36. So it is necessary to specify from which interface packets should be sourced when you ping a link-local address: R1# ping fe80::2 Output Interface: ser 0/0/0 % Invalid interface. Use full interface name without spaces (e.g. Serial0/1) Output Interface: serial 0/0/0 % Invalid interface. Use full interface name without spaces (e.g. Serial0/1) Output Interface: serial0/0/0 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FE80::2, timeout is 2 seconds: Packet sent with a source address of FE80::1 !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/28 ms R1#

  37. IPv6 Routing Table… first look R2# show ipv6 route IPv6 Routing Table - 8 entries Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP U - Per-user Static route I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2 ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2 D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external C 2340:1111:AAAA:102::/64 [0/0] via ::, FastEthernet0/0 L 2340:1111:AAAA:102::1/128 [0/0] via ::, FastEthernet0/0 C 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::/64 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/0 L 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::2/128 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/0 C 2340:1111:AAAA:A02::/64 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/1 L 2340:1111:AAAA:A02::1/128 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/1 L FE80::/10 [0/0] via ::, Null0 L FF00::/8 [0/0] via ::, Null0 • Connected routes occur for any interface IPv6 unicast address that has more than link local scope • The local routes are all /128 routes and are essentially host routes for the router’s IPv6 unicast address. • These local routes allow the router to more efficiently process packets directed to the router itself rather than for packet directed toward connected subnets.

  38. The IPv6 Neighbor Table NA (Sent in response to NS) NS (Request for another node’s Link Layer Address) 2340:1111:AAAA::1/64 2340:1111:AAAA::/64 • Used debug ipv6 nd • Replaces the IPv4 ARP table • Uses NDP Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisement Messages Link-local: fe80::50a5:8a35:a5bb:66e1 Global Unicast: 2340:1111:aaaa:0:50a5:8a35:a5bb:66e1 IPv6-Router# ping 2340:1111:AAAA:0:50a5:8a35:a5bb:66e1 !!!!! *Mar 1 00:08:28.779: ICMPv6-ND: Sending NS for 2340:1111:AAAA:0:50A5:8A35:A5BB:66E1 on FastEthernet0/0 *Mar 1 00:08:28.783: ICMPv6-ND: Received NA for 2340:1111:AAAA:0:50A5:8A35:A5BB:66E1 on FastEthernet0/0 from 2340:1111:AAAA:0:50A5:8A35:A5BB:66E1 *Mar 1 00:08:28.787: ICMPv6-ND: Neighbor 2340:1111:AAAA:0:50A5:8A35:A5BB:66E1 on FastEthernet0/0 : LLA 0021.9bd9.c644 IPv6-Router# un all IPv6-Router# show ipv6 neighbors IPv6 Address Age Link-layer Addr State Interface 2340:1111:AAAA:0:50A5:8A35:A5BB:66E1 0 0021.9bd9.c644 REACH Fa0/0 FE80::50A5:8A35:A5BB:66E1 0 0021.9bd9.c644 REACH Fa0/0 2340:1111:AAAA:0:88C1:6A44:D6AF:1438 0 0021.9bd9.c644 REACH Fa0/0

  39. Static Routes

  40. Static Routes Router(config)# ipv6 route ipv6-prefix/prefix-length {ipv6-address | interface-type interface-number [ipv6-address]} [administrative-distance] [administrative-multicast-distance | unicast| multicast] [next-hop-address] [tag tag] • Types of static routes (same as IPv4) • A directly attached static route is created using only the interface-type and interface-number parameters. Router(config)# ipv6 route 2001:c00l::/32 serial 0/0/0 • A recursive static route is created using only the next-hop address parameter. Router(config)# ipv6 route 2001:c00l::/32 2001:12::1 • A fully specified static route includes both the outgoing interface and the next hop address. Router(config)# ipv6 route 2002:c00l::/32 fa 0/0 2001:12::1 • A floating static route Router(config)# ipv6 route 2001:c00l::/32 ser 0/0/0 15

  41. Default Static Route Router(config)# ipv6 route ipv6-prefix/prefix-length {ipv6-address | interface-type interface-number [ipv6-address]} [administrative-distance] [administrative-multicast-distance | unicast| multicast] [next-hop-address] [tag tag] • IPv6 default static route, which is equivalent to IPv4 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Router(config)# ipv6 route ::/0 serial 0/0/0

  42. Static Routes: Example R1(config)# ipv6 route 2340:1111:AAAA:0102::/64 ser 0/0/0 R1# show ipv6 route <output omitted> S 2340:1111:AAAA:102::/64 [1/0] via ::, Serial0/0/0 C 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::/64 [0/0] via ::, Serial0/0/0 R2(config)# ipv6 route 2340:1111:AAAA:0101::/64 2340:1111:AAAA:0A01::1 R2# show ipv6 route <output omitted> S 2340:1111:AAAA:101::/64 [1/0] via 2340:1111:AAAA:A01::1 R2# ping 2340:1111:AAAA:0101::1 Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2340:1111:AAAA:101::1, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/28 ms R2#

  43. Static Routes: Using Link-local address as the next-hop interface R2(config)# no ipv6 route 2340:1111:AAAA:0101::/64 2340:1111:AAAA:0A01::1 R2(config)# ipv6 route 2340:1111:AAAA:0101::/64 fe80::1 % Interface has to be specified for a link-local nexthop R2(config)# ipv6 route 2340:1111:AAAA:0101::/64 ser 0/0/0 fe80::1 R2# show ipv6 route S 2340:1111:AAAA:101::/64 [1/0] via FE80::1, Serial0/0/0 R2# ping 2340:1111:AAAA:0101::1 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2340:1111:AAAA:101::1, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/28/28 ms R2# • Remember, due to the nature of link-local addresses, specific link-localnetworks do not appear in the routing table because they are considered to be available via all IPv6 interfaces.

  44. Static Routes: clean-up… • Before we move on to dynamic routing remove all static routes • Verify that there are no static routes with show ipv6 route R1(config)# no ipv6 route 2340:1111:AAAA:0102::/64 ser 0/0/0 R2(config)# no ipv6 route 2340:1111:AAAA:0101::/64 ser 0/0/0 fe80::1

  45. EIGRP for IPv6

  46. EIGRP vs EIGRP for IPv6

  47. EIGRP for IPv6 • Available in Cisco IOS Release 12.4(6)T and later • EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 are configured and managed separately although many of the commands are similar. • EIGRP for IPv6 is configured on a per-interface basis, no network command is used. • EIGRP for IPv6 has a shutdown feature which is the default state. • EIGRP for IPv6 does not do automatic summarization like EIGRP for IPv4. • EIGRP for IPv6 sees the neighbors link-local address as the next-hop IP address (neighbor table, topology table, routing table). • EIGRP for IPv6 does not require neighbors to be in the same IPv6 subnet to become neighbors.

  48. EIGRP for IPv6 • EIGRP Router ID decision steps based on IPv4 configuration: • Use the configured value (using the eigrp router-id a.b.c.dEIGRP subcommand under the ipv6 router eigrpcommand) • Use the highest IPv4 address on an up/up loopback interface • Use the highest IPv4 address on an up/up non-loopback interface Note: In an IPv6 only environment the eigrp router-id command must be used otherwise the router will not form any EIGRP adjacencies. • IOS lets you stop and start the EIGRP process with the shutdown and no shutdown router mode subcommands. • After initial configuration, the EIGRP for IPv6 process starts in shutdown mode, • To start the EIGRP process it is required to issue the no shutdown

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