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Sentence Structure. Clauses, etc. Clauses. A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject. An independent (or main ) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a complete sentence.
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Sentence Structure Clauses, etc.
Clauses • A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject. • An independent (or main)clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a complete sentence. • A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
Clauses beginning with Who, Which, or That • You can make a short sentence into a subordinate clause by inserting who, which, or that in place of the subject. • ORIGINAL: The Aztecs were an American Indian people. They once ruled a might empire in Mexico. • COMBINED: The Aztecs were an American Indian people who once ruled a mighty empire in Mexico.
Clauses beginning with Words of Time or Place • You can also make a subordinate clause by adding a word that indicated time or place, such as after, before, since, where, wherever, when, whenever, or while. • You may need to add, delete, or change some words to insert the clause into another sentence. • ORIGINAL: The Aztecs built the capital city of Tenochtitlán. They moved into Mexico in the twelfth century. • COMBINED: The Aztecs built the capital city of Tenochtitlánafter they moved into Mexico in the twelfth century. • ORIGINAL: The capital city of the Aztec empire was in central Mexico. Mexico City stands in that spot today. • COMBINED: The capital city of the Aztec empire was in central Mexico, where Mexico City stands today.
The Adjective Clause • An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. • EX: Ms. Jackson showed slides that she had taken in Egypt. [The adjective clause modifies the noun slides, telling which slides.] • EX: That one, which is my favorite, was bought in California. [The adjective clause modifies the pronoun one, telling which one.
Relative Pronouns • An adjective clause is usually introduced by a relative pronoun. • A relative pronoun relates an adjective clause to the word or words the clause modifies. • EX: Leonardo da Vinci was the artist who painted the Mona Lisa. [The relative pronoun who begins the adjective clause and related it to the noun artist.]
The Adverb Clause • An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. • An adverb clause tells where, when, how, why, to what extent, or under what condition. • EX: You may sit wherever you wish. [The adverb clause modifies the verb may sit, telling where you may sit.] • EX: When winter sets in, many animal hibernate. [The adverb clause modifies the verb hibernate, telling when many animal hibernate.] • Notice that when an adverb clause begins a sentence, it is followed by a comma.
The Noun Clause • A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun. • A noun clause may be used as a subject, as a complement (such as a predicate nominative, a direct object, or an indirect object), or as an object of a preposition. • SUBJECT: That they were angry was obvious to others. • PREDICATE NOMINATIVE: Three dollars was what Daniel offered for the trinket. • DIRECT OBJECT: Anthony and Peter remembered who he was. • INDIRECT OBJECT: The hostess gives whoever enters a menu. • OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION: Eager to please the speaker, we listened to whatever he said.
Noun Clauses cont. • The word that introduces a noun clause often has a grammatical function within the clause. • EX: Give a free pass to whoever asks for one. [The introductory word whoever is the subject of the verb asks.] • EX: Lani would not show either of us what she wrote. [The introductory wordwhat is the direct object of the verb wrote—she wrote what.] • Sometimes the word that introduces a noun clause is omitted but is understood. • EX: She said [that] the milk was sour.
Subordinating Conjunctions • A subordinating conjunction combines a main (independent) clause and a subordinate (dependent) clause.
Activity • Complete both Review A (#1-10) and Review B (#1-10) on pages 452-453 of the Holt Language book. • Use your notes for reference! • Whatever you do not finish will be homework. Please write this down in your agenda.
