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Basic Terms

Basic Terms. Anatomy. Studies shape and structure of the body Gross anatomy: large structures studied looking at their shape, external features, and main divisions Microscopic anatomy: use of microscopes to study minute details Cytology: cells Histology: tissues and organs.

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Basic Terms

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  1. Basic Terms

  2. Anatomy • Studies shape and structure of the body • Gross anatomy: large structures studied looking at their shape, external features, and main divisions • Microscopic anatomy: use of microscopes to study minute details • Cytology: cells • Histology: tissues and organs

  3. Developmental anatomy: growth and development • Embryology: from fertilized egg to birth • Comparative anatomy: comparing human anatomy to other organisms • Systemic anatomy: study of the anatomy of a specific organ system • Dermatology: integumentary system • Endocrinology: endocrine system • Neurology: nervous system

  4. Physiology • Studies the function of each body part and how the functions coordinate to form a complete organism

  5. Terminology • Anatomical position: standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side and palms forward

  6. Planesimaginary anatomical dividing lines • Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left parts • Midsagittal (median) plane: divided the body in to equal right and left halves

  7. Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) section

  8. Transverse plane: horizontal plane that divides the body into a top (superior) and a bottom (inferior) section.

  9. Directional/Positional Terms • Anterior & Posterior • Anterior: towards the front of the body or structure • Posterior: towards the back of the body or structure

  10. Cranial and caudal • Cranial: towards the head • Caudal: towards the tail

  11. Superior and inferior • Superior: towards the upper part or “above another” • Inferior: towards the lower or “below another

  12. Medial and Lateral • Medial: toward the midline or the median plane • Lateral: away from the midline or median plane • Bilateral: having or pertaining to two sides

  13. Proximal and distal • Proximal: toward the point of attachment of the body – closer to the root of the structure • Distal: away from the point of attachment to the body – away from the root of the structure ** These terms are only used when talking about extremities (arms, legs, fingers and toes)

  14. Superficial and Deep • Superficial: on or near the surface of the body • Deep: away from the surface of the body

  15. Terms of Basic Anatomy • Ligament: band of tough connective tissue that connects bone to bone • Tendon: fibrous cord of connective tissue cotinuous with the fibers of a muscle; connects muscle to bone

  16. Joint: the junction or union between two or more bones • Cartilage: the gristle or white elastic substance attached to articular bone surfaces and forming parts of the skeleton • Bone: the hard, tough, elastic material that forms the skeleton; composed primarily of calcium salts

  17. Muscle: type of tissue containing fibers that contract; when working together they can move a body part or organ • Fascia: band of sheath of connective tissue that encases muscle or tendon • Bursa: a sack or sack-like cavity in the vicinity of a joint which acts to reduce the friction around a joint • Extremity: a limb or appendage

  18. Terms of Movement • Range of Motion: the amount of normal movement of a particular joint

  19. Abduction: to move away from the center or midline • Adduction: to move towards the center or midline

  20. Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint: to bend a limb • Extension: to increase the angle of a joint: to straighten a limb

  21. Rotation: to move a limb around a joint axis • Circumduction: to move a joint in a circle

  22. Plantarflexion: to point the toes/foot down – stand on your tip toes • Dorsiflexion: to pull the toes/foot up

  23. Inversion: to rotate the foot so that the sole of the foot is facing in • Eversion: to rotate the foot so that the sole of the foot is facing out

  24. Pronation: to rotate the palms/forearm so that they are facing posteriorly (when body is in anatomical position) • Supination: to rotate the palms/forearm so that they are facing anteriorly (when the body is in anatomical position

  25. Valgus: force directed towards the midline of the body • Varus: force directed away from the midline of the body

  26. Injury terms • Acute and Chronic • Acute: having a sudden onset and short duration (sprained ankle) • Chronic: having a gradual onset and long duration (shin splints)

  27. Sprain: injury to a ligament • Strain: injury to a muscle or tendon

  28. Sign: objective evidence of an abnormal situation in the body • Symptom: subjective evidence of an abnormal situation in the body

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