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VIROLOGY

PRESENTED BY:- RIDA KHURSHID MINA TAYYAB. VIROLOGY. “Ebola is one of the most deadly infections known, killing 90 percent of people infected by it”. INCIDENCE OF EBOLA VIRUS. HISTORY. 5. Firstly recognized in 1976

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VIROLOGY

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  1. PRESENTED BY:- RIDA KHURSHID MINA TAYYAB VIROLOGY

  2. “Ebola is one of the most deadly infections known, killing 90percent of people infected by it”

  3. INCIDENCE OF EBOLA VIRUS

  4. HISTORY 5

  5. Firstly recognized in 1976 • "Ebola" came from a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) • 18confirmed outbreaks of the disease since 1976 • Ebola was first emerged in Sudan and Zaire

  6. Infected over 284 people, with a mortality rate of 53% • Second Ebola virus emerged from Yambuku, Zaire, Ebola-Zaire (EBOZ) • EBOZ, with the highest mortality rate of any of the Ebola viruses (88%) • Infected 318people

  7. Ebola Reston (EBOR), was first identified in 1989 when infected monkeys were imported into Reston, Virginia, from Mindanao in the Philippines • Infected people with EBOR never developed EHF • Ebola Cote d'Ivoire (EBO-CI) was discovered in 1994

  8. CLASSIFICATION 10

  9. Classification of Zaire ebolavirus • Group: Group V(-ss RNA) • Order: Mononegavirales • Family: Filoviridae • Genus: Ebolavirus • Species: Zaire ebolavirus

  10. 2010 ICTV report 6Orders 87Families 19Subfamilies 348Genera 2285Species of viruses

  11. STRUCTURE 13 13

  12. GENOME 15 15 15

  13. TYPES 17

  14. Mainly there are four types of ebola virus: • Ebola-Zaire • First known outbreak of Ebola HF in humans was caused by Ebola-Zaire • This strain surfaced again in southeren Zaire but only one person died • Ebola-Sudan • Discovered in south western Sudan in 1976 and 1979

  15. Ebola-Reston •     Strain of Ebola Virus found in monkeys imported in to the US in 1989. Has not caused infection in humans • Ebola-Ivory Coast •     Most recently discovered strain of Ebola virus. Found in Tai forests of Ivory Coast in West Africa

  16. Filoviruses are classified as biosafety level 4 agents • They are extremely pathogenic • The swift and high lethality of the Ebola virus makes it an attractive potential bioterrorismagent

  17. EHF • Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola HF) carries a 53%- 88%mortality rate • The incubation period is 2-21 days • A severe and often deadly illness that can occur in humans and in primates (monkeys, gorillas)

  18. REPLICATION 22

  19. TRANSMISSION

  20. Direct Contact With an Infected Person • burial ceremony • Exposure to Infected Body Fluids • contaminated blood, organs, semen or other bodily secretions

  21. IS IT AIRBORNE….??? • Report in ProMED • Reston strain appears airborne but is not known to be harmful to humans • It is hypothesized that the Ebola virus became "airborne" by being caught inside small droplets of water that the control monkeys eventually breathed

  22. IMMUNE RESPONSE 29

  23. VIRUS INVADE HOST CELL SYNTHESIS OF RNA FOR REPLICATION HOST CELL SENSES RNA MASKING OF REPLICATING RNA VIA VP35 EBOLA PROTEIN ACTIVATION OF HOST ANTI-VIRAL DEFENSES HOST CELL DOESNOT RECOGNIZE INVADING VIRUS CLEARANCE OF VIRAL INFECTION

  24. The question with Ebola has always been:- “Why can’t host cells mount an immune response against the Ebola virus, like they do against other viruses?” The answer is:- “If the cell doesn’t know that there’s an infection, it cannot build up any response.”

  25. SYMPTOMS

  26. Sore throat Fever Dry, hacking cough Weakness Severe headache Joint and muscle aches Diarrhea Dehydration Stomach pain Vomiting A rash Hiccups Red eyes Internal and external bleeding

  27. Symptoms begin 4 to 6 days after infection Death usually occurs during the secondweek of symptoms Ebola victims typically die from massive blood loss

  28. DIAGNOSIS

  29. For diagnosing Ebola doctor will ask questions which are:- Symptoms Current medical conditions Family history of medical conditions Current medications Other medical conditions which can cause similar symptoms to Ebola are: Influenza Malaria Typhoid fever Other viral hemorrhagic fevers

  30. IgG ELISA IgM ELISA distinguishes acute infections from old infections  IFA is highly misleading Electron microscopy • Laboratory findings include: • Maculopapular rash • Lymphopenia and neutrophilia • Thrombocytopenia and abnormal platelet aggregation • Serum enzyme levels are elevated;  AST is usually higher than ALT •   Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels are usually normal or only mildly elevated

  31. TREATMENT

  32. There is no specific treatment Supportive therapy involves providing relief of Ebola symptoms while body fights infection

  33. Use of Intravenous fluids • Oxygen and devices that help with breathing • Medications to control fever, help the blood clot, and maintain blood pressure • Use of Antibiotics • Good nursing care

  34. PREVENTION

  35. There is no Ebola vaccine that is currently licensed, its prevention focuses on:- • Preventing direct contact with infected body fluids • Avoiding direct contact with the body of an Ebola victim

  36. Ebola isolation precautions or barrier nursing techniques includes:- The use of infection-control measures, including complete sterilization of equipment The isolation of patients with Ebola from contact with unprotected people The wearing of protective clothing, such as masks, gloves, gowns, and goggles

  37. “THE NEW DISCOVERY INDICATES THE CHANCES HAVE BEEN IMPROVED FOR THE DRUG DEVELOPMENT TO DIRECTLY COMBAT EBOLA INFECTION”

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