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CHAPTER 15 Money and the Financial System

Financing the Enterprise. CHAPTER 14 Accounting and Financial Statements. CHAPTER 15 Money and the Financial System. CHAPTER 16 Financial Management and Securities Markets. FHF. 15-2. Finance. The study of money—how it’s made, how it’s lost and how it’s managed Money

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CHAPTER 15 Money and the Financial System

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  1. Financing the Enterprise CHAPTER 14 Accounting and Financial Statements CHAPTER 15 Money and the Financial System CHAPTER 16 Financial Management and Securities Markets FHF 15-2

  2. Finance • The study of money—how it’s made, how it’s lost and how it’s managed Money • Anything generally accepted in exchange for goods and services • Many materials have been used as money FHF 15-3

  3. Functions of Money • Medium of exchange • Accepted as payment for products and resources • Bartering: Trading one good or service for another of similar value • Inefficient because not always divisible and can be complicated in multiple-party transactions • Measure of value • Single standard for assigning and comparing values of products and resources • Store of value • Means of retaining and accumulating wealth FHF 15-4

  4. Characteristics of Money • Acceptability • Divisibility • Portability • Stability • Durability • Difficulty to counterfeit FHF 15-5

  5. Types of Money • Paper Money and Coins • Checking Account (Demand Deposit): Money stored in an account at a bank that can be withdrawn without advance notice • Checksserve as a more secure substitute for cash • Savings Account (Time Deposit): Accounts with funds that usually cannot be withdrawn without advance notice FHF …continued on next page 15-6

  6. Types of Money Money Market Account • Higher interest rates than standard bank rates with greater restrictions Certificates of Deposit (CDs) • Savings accounts that guarantee a set interest rate over a period of time providing funds are not withdrawn before maturity FHF …continued on next page 15-7

  7. Types of Money Credit Cards • Means of access to preapproved lines of credit granted by a bank or a finance company • Credit card companies have been the subject of criticism and scrutiny FHF …continued on next page 15-8

  8. Types of Money Debit Card • A card that looks like a credit card but works like a check • A direct electronic payment from the cardholder’s checking account Traveler’s Checks, Money Orders, Cashier’s Checks • Other common forms of “near” money • Guaranteed as cash FHF 15-9

  9. The Fed Four major functions: • Controls the money supply with monetary policy • Regulates financial institutions • Manages regional and national check-clearing procedures • Supervises the federal deposit insurance of commercial banks in the Federal Reserve system In Indonesia these functions are done by Bank Indonesia FHF 15-11

  10. Monetary Policies Monetary Policy • The means by which the Fed controls the amount of money available in the economy • Aims to keep supply and demand in balance to avoid inflation/deflation In Indonesia these functions are done by Bank Indonesia FHF 15-12

  11. Four Main Monetary Policy Tools • Open Market Operations: Decisions to buy or sell U.S. Treasury bills in the open market • Buying securities increases money in supply and vice versa • Reserve Requirements: Percentage of deposits a bank must hold in reserve • Has a strong effect on the economy and not used often • Discount Rate: Rate of interest the Fed charges to loan money to banking institutions • Lowering discount rate encourages borrowing and expands money supply and vice versa • Credit Controls: Authority to establish and enforce credit rules FHF 15-13

  12. Other Regulatory Functions of the Fed Regulating member banks • Establishes and enforces banking rules that affect monetary policy and competition • Has authority to approve bank mergers Check clearing • National check processing through check clearinghouses Depository insurance • Supervises the federal insurance funds that protect the deposits in member banking institutions FHF 15-14

  13. Banking Institutions Commercial Banks • Largest and oldest of all financial institutions, relying mainly on checking and savings accounts • Loan to businesses and individuals Savings and Loan Associations (S&Ls– also called “thrifts”) • Primarily offer savings accounts and make long-term loans for residential mortgages • Most have merged with commercial banks • New hybrid bank institutions perform multiple functions FHF …continued on next page 15-15

  14. Banking Institutions Credit Unions • Financial institutions owned and controlled by depositors • Usually having a common employer, profession, trade group, or religion Mutual Savings Banks • Similar to S&Ls, but owned by depositors • Found mostly in New England FHF 15-16

  15. Insurance for Banks Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) • Insures personal accounts up to $250,000 • In Indonesia: LPS National Credit Union Association (NCUA) • Regulates and charters credit unions • Insures deposits through its National Credit Union Insurance Fund • Similar to the FDIC FHF 15-17

  16. Non-Banking Institutions • Diversified Firms: Traditionally non-financial firms that have expanded into the financial field • Insurance Companies: Businesses that protect their clients against losses from specified risks • Pension Funds: Managed investment pools to provide retirement income for members FHF …continued on next page 15-18

  17. Non-Banking Institutions • Mutual Fund: Investment company that pools investor money and invests in large numbers of diversified securities • Brokerage Firm: Buy and sell securities for clients and provide other services • Investment Bank: Underwrites new issues of securities for corporations, states and municipalities needed to raise money in capital markets • Finance Companies: Businesses that offer short-term loans at substantially higher interest rates than banks FHF 15-19

  18. Electronic Banking • ETF: Electronic funds transfer • ATM: Automated teller machines • ACHs: Automated clearinghouses • Online Banking: Bank at home or anywhere/anytime (Increasing the range of services) FHF 15-20

  19. Future of Banking • Advances in technology are challenging and changing the banking industry • Trend toward larger banks, even in the wake of 2008-2010 financial crisis • Uncertain whether the crisis will continue • Future of the banking industry will be shaped by federal government action • Oversight and regulations to prevent future financial meltdowns FHF 15-21

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