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Chapter 2 : Why Work Analysis ?

Chapter 2 : Why Work Analysis ?. 홍 승 권. Purpose. Work analysis 수행의 동기를 유발시키고자 함 . 두 가지 목적 Human Work 는 computer-based information system 설계의 일부로 보자 Work analysis 는 Ecological Approach 환경의 제약을 주로 고려 Cf : 작업자의 특성을 주로 고려 (more common cognitivist approach). Why conduct a work analysis?.

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Chapter 2 : Why Work Analysis ?

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  1. Chapter 2 : Why Work Analysis ? 홍 승 권

  2. Purpose • Work analysis 수행의 동기를 유발시키고자 함. • 두 가지 목적 • Human Work는 computer-based information system 설계의 일부로 보자 • Work analysis는 Ecological Approach • 환경의 제약을 주로 고려 • Cf : 작업자의 특성을 주로 고려 (more common cognitivist approach)

  3. Why conduct a work analysis? • Cognitive Engineering 과 HCI, HF, Psychology를 구분하는 것. • Semantics of the Work domain • 철저한 작업분석의 필요성 • Example 1 : Hospitals • Example 2 : Graphic Design

  4. Hospitals • Hovde (1990) : 다양한 덴마크 병원에서 작업구조의 조사 • 턴키 방식(또는 off-the shelf) application packages • 의사와 간호사가 외면 : 사용하기 불편함 • 경영자가 사용을 강요 • 사용자에 의한 개발 (프로그램머 고용) • 자발적 사용 • Information system support VS Work demand (그림 2.1)

  5. Graphic Design • 작업자의 활동과 제품 질에 미치는 두 개의 다른 미디어(펜과 소프트웨어)의 영향 (Black 1990) • 작업분석의 중요성 설명 • 첫째, 그림을 그릴 때, 직관적인 방법과 소프트웨어상의 방법의 차이 (그림 2.2) • 둘째, 설계자가 사용한 전술 (초기 도면을 보면서 작업할 수 있는가?) • 셋째, 진행상태를 표시해주는 정도 (그림 2.3 ~ 2.5)

  6. Graphic Design • First, work demand were not supported by the information system • This lack of functionality was not due to a technical impediments • Second, because of this lack of support, workers would have to engage in workarounds (Table 2.1) • Reference (Bisantz et al. 1996)

  7. Where should the work analysis begin? • Work demands = Cognitive Constraints + Environment Constraints • Cognitive Constraints • Work demands that originate with the human cognitive systems • Workers’ preferences and current mental models • Environment Constraints • Work demands that originate with the context in which workers are situated. • Intentions and actions of other engineers, positions of other aircraft and so on

  8. Ecological approach or Cognitive approach • 환경은 작업자의 행동을 제약하게 되고 이 제약들을 분석하는 것이 생태적 작업분석임 • 생태적 분석은 관심을 적게 받았음 • 주는 인지적 접근이었음 (사람의 인지시스템이 목표지향적 행위를 유발함) • Question? • 어떤 제약을 먼저 분석하느냐?

  9. Ecological Approach Physical Reality Social Reality Environment Worker Worker’s Mental Models, Strategies, and Preferences Cognitivist Approach Two Approaches to Work Analysis

  10. Correspondence VS Coherence-driven work domains • Correspondence-driven work domains impose dynamic, environmental constraints on the goal-directed behavior of workers. • CDWD have a physical or social reality that serves as context of worker behavior • Coherence-driven work domains do not have dynamic, environmental constraints that must be respected.

  11. Worker Worker- Computer Dyad Computer Dynamic, Goal-relevant Constraints Physical or Social Reality Coherence-driven work domains

  12. Correspondence-driven work domains Worker Worker- Computer Dyad Computer

  13. Cognitivist approach • Example 1: 원자력 발전소의 경고 및 진단시스템 • 정신모형에 맞는 function representation을 제공했다면 • 정신모형이 완벽하지 못하면? • Example 2 :

  14. Cognitivist approach • Example 3: 미국 핵 규정위원회(USNRC)는 가이드라인을 제작하였으나 아직까지 인지적 접근을 하고 있음. • Example 4 : PCP(Proximity compatibility principle) • 한 작업을 위해 두 가지 정보가 사용된다면, 통합되어야 하고, 한가지 정보만 필요하다면, 다른 정보와 분리되어야 함.

  15. Ecological Approach • Workers will acquire a veridical mental model of the environment, • so that their understanding corresponds as closely as possible to the actual behavior of the context with which they interact • Nuclear power plant, Aircraft and so on • Integrating two constraints

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