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Chapter 2 Summarizing and Graphing Data

Chapter 2 Summarizing and Graphing Data. 2-3 Histograms 2-4 Graphs that Enlighten and Graphs that Deceive. Histogram. A graph consisting of bars of equal width drawn adjacent to each other (unless there are gaps in the data)

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Chapter 2 Summarizing and Graphing Data

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  1. Chapter 2Summarizing and Graphing Data 2-3 Histograms 2-4 Graphs that Enlighten and Graphs that Deceive

  2. Histogram A graph consisting of bars of equal width drawn adjacent to each other (unless there are gaps in the data) The horizontal scale represents the classes of quantitative data values and the vertical scale represents the frequencies. The heights of the bars correspond to the frequency values.

  3. Histogram A histogram is basically a graph of a frequency distribution. Histograms can usually be generated using technology.

  4. Example IQ scores from children with low levels of lead.

  5. Relative Frequency Histogram

  6. Normal Distribution • What is the shape of this distribution? • What is the center? • How much variation is in the data? • Are there any outliers?

  7. Example – Discuss the Shape Normal Distribution Skewed left Skewed right

  8. Assessing Normality with a Normal Quantile Plot

  9. Scatterplot (or Scatter Diagram) A plot of paired (x, y) quantitative data with a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis. Used to determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables. Randomly selected males – the pattern suggests there is a relationship.

  10. Time-Series Graph Data that have been collected at different points in time: time-series data Yearly high values of the Dow Jones Industrial Average

  11. Multiple Bar Graph

  12. Pareto Chart A bar graph for qualitative data, with the bars arranged in descending order according to frequencies

  13. Pie Chart A graph depicting qualitative data as slices of a circle, in which the size of each slice is proportional to frequency count

  14. Frequency Polygon uses line segments connected to points directly above class midpoint values.

  15. Relative Frequency Polygon Uses relative frequencies (proportions or percentages) for the vertical scale.

  16. Ogive A line graph that depicts cumulative frequencies

  17. Graphs That Deceive Nonzero Axis: Graphs can be misleading because one or both of the axes begin at some value other than zero, so that differences are exaggerated.

  18. Example – Income and Education Misleading. Depicts one-dimensional data with three-dimensional boxes. Last box is 64 times as large as first box, but income is only 4 times as large.

  19. Example – Income and Education Fair, objective, unencumbered by distracting features.

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