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Chapter 22 Notes, part I

Chapter 22 Notes, part I. Organic Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Chemistry of carbon containing compounds is organic chemistry . The name is derived from the fact that early scientists thought carbon compounds could only be synthesized by organisms. Hydrocarbons.

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Chapter 22 Notes, part I

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  1. Chapter 22 Notes, part I Organic Chemistry

  2. Organic Chemistry • Chemistry of carbon containing compounds is organic chemistry. • The name is derived from the fact that early scientists thought carbon compounds could only be synthesized by organisms.

  3. Hydrocarbons • Organic chemistry centers around hydrocarbons—compounds made of carbon and hydrogen only. • Hydrocarbons are found all around us, especially in the petroleum industry.

  4. Alkanes • Alkanes are hydrocarbons where all the carbons are attached to each other with single bonds. • A straight chain alkane has all carbons in a row (no branches).

  5. Naming straight chain alkanes • Ten prefixes are needed for naming most common alkanes: Meth- =1 hex- =6 Eth- =2 hept- =7 Prop- =3 oct- =8 But- =4 non- =9 Pent- =5 dec- =10

  6. Naming straight chain alkanes • First, count the number of carbons in the chain. • Second, start the name with the prefix for that many carbons and end it in –ane.

  7. Branch chain alkanes and alkyl groups • Not all alkanes are in a straight line! • Anything that is attached where hydrogen is usually located is called a substituent. A hydrocarbon substituent is called an alkyl group.

  8. Name Formula Structure • Methane CH4 • Ethane C2H6 • Propane C3H8 • Butane C4H10 • Pentane C5H12 • Heptane C6H14 • Hexane C7H16 • Octane C8H18 • Nonane C9H20 • Decane C10H22

  9. Naming branch chain alkanes • First, name the alkyl group coming off of the main chain. Give the prefix for the number of carbons, then end it in –yl. • Then name the main chain, ending just like before in –ane.

  10. Naming branch chain alkanes • If there is more than one place to put an alkyl group, you have to put a number before it to signify its location. • Number from the end that gives you the lowest overall number. • If there is more than one alkyl group, put a prefix to show how many there are (di, tri, tetra, etc.)

  11. Endings • Alkanes (all C-C single bonded parent chain) end in –ane • MethaneCH4 • EthaneC2H6 • PropaneC3H8 • Attached carbon groups (substituents) end in –yl • Methyl CH3 - • EthylCH3CH2- • Propyl CH3CH2CH2 –   3-ethylpentane

  12. Number the parent chain. • Number the parent chain so that the attached groups are on the lowest numbers Methyl is on carbon #2 of the parent chain Methyl is on carbon #4 of the parent chain 1 2 3 4 5 GREEN is the right way for this one! 5 4 3 2 1 • 2 • 3 7 8 • 4 5 6 8 7 6 2 1 5 4 3 • 2 3 4 5 6 • 7 • 6 5 4 3 2 • 1 Groups on 2 and 5 Groups on 4, 6, and 7 Groups on 2, 3, and 5 Groups on 3 and 6

  13. Name the attached groups. • Carbon (alkyl) groups • Methyl CH3 - • EthylCH3CH2- • Propyl CH3CH2CH2 – • Halogens • Fluoro (F-) • Chloro (Cl-) • Bromo (Br-) • Iodo (I-)

  14. Designate where the group is attached to the parent chain. • Use the numbers of the parent chain from step 2 to designate the location of the attached groups to the parent chain. 2-methyl 1 2 3 4 5

  15. Alphabetize the groups, combine like groups, and assemble. • The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind • Prefixes are not considered when alphabetizing (Example: dimethyl = m for alphabetizing) • Parent chain goes LAST 1,1,1-trichloro-1-fluoromethane 1,1-dichloro-1,1-difluoromethane

  16. 2-methylpropane • 2,3,3triMethylPentane

  17. Draw Some Simple Alkanes • 2-methylpentane • 3-ethylhexane • 2,2-dimethylbutane • 2,3-dimethylbutane

  18. Structural Formulas • “Lazy” way to write the Hydrogens • Instead of drawing the bonds, just state how many hydrogens are attached • NOTE: The bonds are between CARBONS in a parent chain, and not hydrogens! Structural Formula Lewis Structure

  19. Order of Priority • IN A TIE, halogens get the lower number before alkyl groups 4-chloro-2-methylpentane or2-chloro-4-methylpentane?

  20. Order of Priority • IN A TIE between SIMILAR GROUPS, the group lower ALPHABETICALLY gets the lower number 4-bromo-2-chloropentane or 2-bromo-4-chloropentane ?

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