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Lecture 8

Lecture 8. Child Development. Developmental Psychology. Developmental psychology – a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. How Do Psychologists Explain Development?.

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Lecture 8

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  1. Lecture 8 Child Development

  2. Developmental Psychology • Developmental psychology–a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

  3. How Do PsychologistsExplain Development? Development is a process of growth and change brought about by an interaction of heredity and the environment

  4. The Nature-NurtureInteraction • Nature-nurture controversy–Long-standing debate over relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes

  5. The Nature-NurtureInteraction • Twin studies–Developmental investigations in which twins, especially identical twins, are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects

  6. The Nature-NurtureInteraction • Adoption studies–Studies in which the adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological family and the adoptive family

  7. Continuity view Performance Discontinuityview Age Gradual versus Abrupt Change Continuity viewvs.Discontinuity view

  8. Gradual versus Abrupt Change • Psychologists who take the discontinuity view maintains that different behaviors occur in different __________________________, or stages Developmental stages–Periods of life initiated by significant ________________ or changes in physical or psychological functioning

  9. What Are theDevelopmental Tasks of Infancy and Childhood? Infants and children face especially important developmental tasks in the areas of (1)language acquisition, (2)cognition, and (3)social relationships

  10. How Children Acquire Language • Innateness theory of language–Children learn language mainly by following an inborn program for acquiring vocabulary and grammar • Language acquisition device (LAD)–Structure in the brain innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar

  11. How Children Acquire Language • 6-8 weeks: Cooing stage • 7 months: Babbling stage • 12-18 months: • One-word stage • Two-word stage • Telegraphic speech (short, simple sentences)

  12. How Children Acquire Language • Gradually, children develop other language skills • Social rules of conversation (how to join a conversation, how to take turns speaking, etc) • Abstract words (e.g. hope, truth) • Emotion words (happy, sad, angry)

  13. Cognitive Development • Cognitive development–The process by which thinking changes over time

  14. Cognitive Development Piaget’s System • Schemas–Mental structures orprograms that guide adeveloping child’s thoughts

  15. Cognitive Development Assimilation–Mental process that ____________ new information to _________ it into existingschemes Accommodation –Mental process that________________ existingschemas so that newinformation is better understood

  16. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational

  17. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • Birth to about age 2 • Child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational • Mental representations • Object permanence Formal Operational

  18. Sensorimotor Stage • Mental Representation • The ability to form internal images of objects and events • Object Permanence • the awareness that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight

  19. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • About age 2 to age 6 or 7 • Representing things • with words and images • but lacking logical reasoning Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational • Egocentrism • Animalistic thinking • Centration Formal Operational

  20. Preoperational Stage • Egocentrism • the inability of the preoperational child to ______________________________ • Animalistic thinking • the believe that inanimate objects have life and ________________________ • Centration • the inability to take into account more than one aspect of a situation at a time

  21. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor • About age 7 to about age 11 • Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations Preoperational Concrete Operational • Conservation • Mental operations Formal Operational

  22. Concrete Operational Stage • Conservation • the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects • Mental Operations • The ability to solve problems by manipulating images in one’s mind

  23. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational • From about age 12 on • Abstract thought appears Formal Operational

  24. Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory • In many areas, Piaget appears to have underestimated young children’s cognitive development • Undermined individual differences • Underestimated the influences of cultural factors on cognitive development

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