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COMMUNICATION MODEL

COMMUNICATION MODEL. The way we Communicate. What is Communication?. The process of sending and reviewing messages to share meanings. Elements of the Model. Sender - Speaker Receiver - Listener Messages Feedback Encoding Decoding Interference . Verbal - using words volume tone.

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COMMUNICATION MODEL

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  1. COMMUNICATION MODEL The way we Communicate

  2. What is Communication? The process of sending and reviewing messages to share meanings.

  3. Elements of the Model • Sender - Speaker • Receiver - Listener • Messages • Feedback • Encoding • Decoding • Interference

  4. Verbal - using words volume tone Non-Verbal appearance gestures body movement eye contact spatial relations Two kinds of Messages

  5. What is Feedback? • Reaction of the receiver to the sender’s message. • Tells the sender how to send the next message.

  6. Encoding • How the sender decides to send the messages based on PREDICTIONS or prior knowledge about the receiver

  7. Decoding • Applying meaning and understanding the message that has been sent

  8. Interference • External • outside influences that affect communication • noisy room; airplane overhead • Internal • inside influences that affect communication • prejudices; anxiety; worry

  9. Channels ofCommunication • Channels are the senses you use in communication • Hear • See • Touch

  10. Levels of Information(Encoding = Predicting reactions) • Cultural - Little info. About receiver • Sociological - Some general info. About the receiver. • Individual - Personal knowledge of the receiver.

  11. General Social Contact Self-Esteem Gain & Share knowledge Specific Exchange Info. Exerting Control Following Social rules Sharing Feelings Purposes of Communication

  12. What is Perception? • Process of filtering and interpreting what your senses tell you so you can create a meaningful picture of the world.

  13. Steps in Perception • Something affects the senses • see, hear, taste, smell, touch • interpret the sensation (give meaning to it)

  14. Physical Differences Past Experiences; background Differences in Perception come from:

  15. Differences in perception come from: • Present feelings; circumstances • Differences in using information

  16. Differences in Perception come from: • Differences in expectations

  17. Verbal Communication • Uses words: symbols that represent things but are not the things themselves. • Why language changes: the world is changing. New ideas and inventions need words to describe them.

  18. Meanings of Words • Denotative Meaning---definition found in the dictionary • Connotative Meaning---everyday meaning; emotional or personal response to a word

  19. Kinds of Language • Technical--area specific language; mechanic • Regional---specific to geographic area; soda vs. pop • Slang---phat • Cultural--specific to particular religious or ethnic group; barmitzvah

  20. Exclude Include Put Down Build Up Reveal Self Conceal Self All of these verbal strategies are similar to the nonverbal strategies Verbal Strategies that affect communication

  21. Nonverbal Communication • Sending and Receiving messages without the use of words. Involves: appearance, gestures, posture, eye contact, facial expressions, spatial relations, and time.

  22. Most communication is NONVERBAL

  23. Intentional - using nonverbal techniques to support verbal message(s) Accidental - nonverbal messages sent that the sender is unaware of but still communicate a message. Can contradict verbals Nonverbal Communication

  24. Never say anything that cannot improve upon silence

  25. Vocal Cues as Nonverbals • Pitch---the highness or lowness of voice • Rate---how slowly or quickly a person talks • Volume---loudness or softness of voice • Quality---sound of the voice

  26. Nonverbals Can: • Repeat • support • contradict • replace • regulate

  27. Spatial Relations • Intimate space---up to 1 1/2 feet; hugging, telling secrets • Personal space---1 1/2 to 4 feet; quiet conversation • Social space---4 to 12 feet; group discussions • Public space---over 12 feet; calling or waving

  28. Listening Accurate Receiving

  29. Hearing - physical ability to pick up sound waves. Listening - 4 steps hear interpret understand recall Hearing vs. Listening

  30. Barriers to Listening • Internal Distractions • External Distractions • Personal Biases • Conflicting Demands

  31. Active Listening: Stay Tuned In

  32. Most people would rather TALK than LISTEN

  33. We understand 450 words per minute! • We speak only 175 words per minute. • How can we stay focused during the “wasted” time?

  34. Staying Tuned in: Active Listening • Read nonverbals • Avoid distractions

  35. Staying Tuned In: Active Listening • Apply the ideas to yourself • Paraphrase • Know your effect on the sender

  36. You can never NOT communicate

  37. Self-Concept • Beliefs about who you are based on perceptions, expectations, and others’ reactions • Formed early in life • Static---Hard to change

  38. Self Concept and Self-Efficacy • Those with poor self-concept will complete tasks that are too EASY or too HARD • Self-efficacy is your belief on what you can do

  39. What you need to know for the test!!!

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