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Ming and Qing China

Ming and Qing China. HIST 1004 Feb. 2/3/13. But first… Japan before 16 th century. 12 th century – loose confederation of daimyo Castle town Samurai – warrior elite Kyoto/Heian- Kyo / ”Tranquility and Peace Capital” (794-1869). Shogunate. Emperors are ceremonial

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Ming and Qing China

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  1. Ming and Qing China HIST 1004 Feb. 2/3/13

  2. But first… Japan before 16th century • 12th century – loose confederation of daimyo • Castle town • Samurai – warrior elite • Kyoto/Heian-Kyo/ ”Tranquility and Peace Capital” (794-1869)

  3. Shogunate • Emperors are ceremonial • Shogun - military and bureaucratic commanders (1192-1867) • Kamakura Shogunate (1192-1333) • Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573) • Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867) Minamoto no Yoritomo, first shogun (1192-1199)

  4. Hideyoshi (d. 1598) • Daimyo civil wars • Hideyoshi unifies Japan (briefly) • Invasion of Korea (1592-1598) • Attempt at imperial Japan • Without Hideyoshi, plan falls apart

  5. Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867) • Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) • Edo and Kyoto • Trade networks • Shogun gives land to daimyo • Daimyo pays samurai

  6. Daimyo and Merchant Elites • Rice economy • Rice: peasants to daimyo to samurai • Edo and Osaka rice exchanges • Merchants buy rice on speculation • Daimyo buy luxury goods from merchants

  7. Japan and European Merchants • 1543: Portuguese arrive • Firearms and other imported technology • Little interest in European goods or vice versa • Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English as mediators in trade with China

  8. Christian Missionaries • 1550 – Francis Xavier and other Jesuits arrive in Japan • 1580 – 100,000 Japanese Christians • Christianity and daimyo • 1571 - Nagasaki port under Jesuit rule • 1613 – Date Masamune embassy to Vatican

  9. Shogun and Christianity • Suspicion of the foreign • 1614 – Christianity banned • Japanese Christians charged with sedition • 1617 – persecution of Christians • 1633-1639 – Closing of Japan

  10. “Dutch Studies” • Limited trade with Dutch through Dejima island • Interest in… • weapons technology • shipbuilding • mathematics and astronomy • anatomy and medicine • Geography • The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet – David Mitchell

  11. Ming China (r. 1368-1644) • Remove Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty • Emphasis on Chinese-ness • “Middle Kingdom” vs. “barbarians” • “Son of Heaven” • “Mandate of Heaven”

  12. Confucian Hierarchy • Junior Official – Senior Official • Younger Brother – Older Brother • Wife – Husband • Modeled within the state • “Inner Barbarians” and Tributary System

  13. Silver and Pirates • Focus on silver based economy • Taxes must be paid in silver • Stimulates economy, but requires trade with Americas • Suspicion of greedy merchants and pirates

  14. Movement of Silver

  15. Fall of the Ming • Wanli Emperor (r. 1573-1620) • Military pressures • Mongols • Manchus • Japanese pirates • Japanese invasion of Korea • Ming call on Manchu military support

  16. Qing Dynasty (r. 1644-1912) • Manchu rulers of China • Manchu minority, adopt Chinese ways • Kangxi (r. 1662-1722) – Qing Golden Age • Expanded and solidified borders • Economic boom • Growth of urban elites

  17. Chinese and Manchu • Chinese style governance vs. nomadic Manchu culture • Beijing vs. Chengde • Military Banners • Manchu language restrictions • No intermarriage between Manchu and Han

  18. Chinese and Manchu • Confucian state ideology • Maintain examination system • Chinese scholar-officials with Manchu supervisors • Queue – lose your hair or lose your head

  19. Europeans in China • 1513 – Portuguese arrive, not allowed to trade • Tome Pires • 1522 – Portuguese expelled • 1557 – Macao • Kowtow

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